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The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. Thats all right. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. d. create an ideal set of genes. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" Neurotransmitters. 76. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. b. self theory. d. displacement. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. 2.3.3.6. c. intellectualization. Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. 35. A patient has social anxiety disorder. 62. 32. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). 2.3.2.2. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. The answer is yes, and one of two outcomes is possible. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. 21. 165. Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. 2.2.2.3. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. Banduras Classic Experiment. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. Some biological treatments produce significant undesirable effects. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. b. neurosis. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. b. Freud. 138. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. Choose one answer. But before these diagnostic categories a. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. A general term used for Freuds and Jungs theories is: a. psychiatric. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. Which is an example of latent content? 45. The charge inside is -70mV at rest. This is called: a. fixation. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. b. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A patient has social anxiety disorder. 84. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. a. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. c. neurotransmitters. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? c. superego. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: a. existential. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. 109. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. b. existential. b. is not led by a professional clinician. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. d. cognitive-behavioral. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. b. modeling. a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. 133. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a(n) _____ theorist. d. cognitive. b. Which would be a part of your paradigm? But as you will see, the individual does not have to present with the entire range of symptoms. 33. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. c. overgeneralization. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. b. anxiety disorders. There are two main ways they can present themselves. c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. 2.2.1.6. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? Those who sit in the back of the room are underachievers who dont care. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. b. cognitive-behavioral b. neurotransmitters. The final section is a Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. A story will illustrate the latter. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. Unconditioned means unlearned. Genetic issues and explanations. 127. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. A friend recommends this therapy. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend? In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. When a doctor strikes your knee with that little hammer, your leg extends out automatically. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. d. conditions of worth. We will cover this process in three parts. a. Communication in the nervous system. b. resistance. 15. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. What is learning and what forms does it take? b. overgeneralization. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. d. client-centered therapy. It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of: a. modeling. Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes? Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? 164. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). d. it is too narrow in certain ways. 75. 2.3.3.4. So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. a. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. 61. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. 53. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. c. irrational patterns of thinking. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. b. accepting problematic thoughts. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. bodily sensations. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. He developed the law of effect thanks to his work with a puzzle box. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? Chapter Recap. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. 100. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. How so? Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? 42. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. b. family structure and communication. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. b. develop depression even when not under stress. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. d. disengagement. ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? a. Dysfunction b. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? d. fixation. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. b. humanistic. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). Conditioning. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? c. Beck. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. This is an example of behavior modification using: Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. c. intellectualization. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. List and describe the models of abnormality. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. Outline the structure of personality and how it develops over time. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. d. projection. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. The next morning, researchers placed a hungry cat in the puzzle box and set a small amount of food outside the box, just close enough to be smelled. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? b. dendrites. d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. This is known as They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. d. displacement. c. ineffective treatment options. 25. All of the models include an element of the biological model. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. d. Freud. How so? We see this in the case of reflexes. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. 64. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work.