nervous tissue histology ppt

nervous tissue histology ppt

As you learned in the first section, the main part of a neuron is the cell body, which is also known as the soma (soma = body). Contrast the differences in the histological appearance of a pyramidal cell versus a Purkinje cell. This is why doctors must take extra caution when prescribing medication to these people. In addition to the dorsal and ventral horns, two structures especially obvious in the thoracic cord are the dorsal nucleus of Clarke and the lateral extension of the ventral horn. Access to the supplemental resources for this session is password-protected and restricted to University of Michigan students. This coronal section includes the hippocampus (hippocampus = sea horse), dentate gyrus, and adjacent temporal lobe gyrus (entorhinal cortex). Histology of Nervous Tissue PROF. DR. FAUZIAH OTHMAN DEPT OF HUMAN ANATOMY Feature of nerves tissue Type of cell: neuron & neuroglia General feature of neuron Type of White mater 4. I love Histology! Nervous Tissue - Characteristics, Structure, Function - BYJUS They are responsible for the computation and communication that the nervous system provides. And research may find much more about them in the future. dendritic) processes. Both neurons and glia have fine processes projecting from the cell body, which generally cannot be resolved in the light microscope without special staining techniques. Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) produce lymphocytes (B and T cells) while secondary lymphoid organs (diffuse lymphoid tissues, lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes and spleen) help to rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted material. Read more. Muscle attaches to bone via tendons; bundles of dense regular connective tissue made out of many collagen type I fibers. How. Sensory reception is a peripheral function (those dendrites are in the periphery, perhaps in the skin) so the cell body is in the periphery, though closer to the CNS in a ganglion. Click on the white box with the question mark on it 4. Remember, a nerve is a bundle of axons, running in parallel, in the PNS. Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 4. The cerebellum is the part of the brain responsible for integrating input from the sensory organs to coordinate the precise, voluntary movements originally initiated in the cerebral cortex. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins). Nervous system - Histology Slide of tissue is followed by slide of tissue with correct answer. They are responsible for the electrical signals that communicate information about sensations, and that produce movements in response to those stimuli, along with inducing thought processes within the brain. Within the medulla, most axons will cross over to the opposite hemisphere of the brain from which they originated a process called decussation and then continue within the white matter of the spinal cord, before synapsing with interneurons and lower motor neurons, in the grey matter of the spinal cord. Histology Lecture Slides - Bloomsburg University Of Pennsylvania A key difference between myelin and the insulation on a wire is that there are gaps in the myelin covering of an axon. These hormones regulate a variety of processes, such as metabolism, growth and blood pressure. Alveoli are the primary site of gas exchange. All spaces are occupied either by the processes of neurons or glia or by capillaries (these capillaries are somewhat swollen here because the tissue was fixed by perfusion). This technique is used for determining the location of specific DNA or RNA sequences in cells or chromosomes, making it useful for various research and diagnostic purposes. Neurons are the cells considered to be the basis of nervous tissue. In the above image, we can observe only the relatively large, triangular-shaped cell bodies of the pyramidal cells with clearly visible nuclei, parts of the dendrites, and the beginnings of axons. Correct answer 2. Our engaging videos, interactive quizzes, in-depth articles and HD atlas are here to get you top results faster. Thoroughly learn the parts of a cell using our diagrams and cell quizzes! It is permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases, allowing for the occurrence of gas exchange. Neurons are the primary type of cell that most anyone associates with the nervous system. Microglia are the cells in the CNS that can do this in normal, healthy tissue, and they are therefore also referred to as CNS-resident macrophages. The cells here arepreganglionic sympathetic neurons whose axons terminate in either sympathetic chain ganglia or the "visceral" (or "pre-aortic") ganglia associated with the major branches of the abdominal aorta (e.g. Nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells. This is a tapering of the cell body toward the axon fiber. The cerebellum consists of an outer cortex of grey matter covering an inner area of white matter, which itself surrounds a deeper layer of grey matter (called the cerebellar nuclei). They are considered part of the mononuclear phagocytic system and will proliferate and become actively phagocytic in regions of injury and/or inflammation. Controls and integrates all body activities. Author: It provides somatic motor output to skeletal muscles. These sections are then mounted on a glass slide, using a mounting medium as an adhesive. An important part of the function of neurons is in their structure or shape. Two nodes of Ranvier are circled in Figure 9 below. Ross, H. M, Pawlina, W. (2011). Look at the margins of the ventricle at higher magnification and note that it is entirely lined by ependymal cells. Wheaters functional histology: A text and colour atlas. But most everything else cannot, including white blood cells, which are one of the bodys main lines of defense. Did you know that there are special cardiomyocytes in your heart that spontaneously generate impulses to initiate heartbeats? The axons of pyramidal cells will descend through the interior white matter of the cerebrum into the three parts of the brainstem: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. It is made up of gray matter and white matter. How is this different in the spinal cord? As such, nerves do not contain neural cell bodies. This method is based on the ability of single stranded DNA or RNA to merge with a complementary strand and build a hybrid which is then detected due to the label. Both respond immunologically to foreign material in the fluid passing through. It consists of a few cells and an abundance of extracellular matrix. One could say that the masters of the endocrine glands are the hypophysis (pituitary gland) and hypothalamus, since they regulate all other endocrine organs by way of homeostatic feedback mechanism. The epithelial lining of the uterine tube and uterus play important roles in the transportation and implantation of a fertilized ovum (zygote). Most substances that cross the wall of a blood vessel into the CNS must do so through an active transport process. Schwann cells are different than oligodendrocytes, in that a Schwann cell wraps around a portion of only one axon segment and no others. The testes produce male gametes (spermatozoa) via the process of spermatogenesis. Nicola McLaren MSc Histology. The ventral spinal cord. The cells of Clarke's nucleus then relay this information via axonal projections that extend all the way up into the cerebellum (hence the reason why the cells are so large) where it is processed to allow for coordinated movement. The choroid plexus is a specialized structure in the ventricles where ependymal cells come in contact with blood vessels and filter and absorb components of the blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid. You may see small calcific bodies in part of the hippocampus, which occur as a normal part of the aging process. The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. Mesenchymal cells are undifferentiated cells, which means they are capable of differentiating into any type of connective tissue cells (fibroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes etc.). Tissues are routinely visualised using microscopy. Slides include types of epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue and is ideal for an anatomy and physiology course. The epidermis is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium mostly made out of keratinocytes. Cerebral cortex 3. The nervous system can be organized in several different ways. Central Nervous System Connective Tissue Ear Endocrine System Epithelial Tissue Eye Female Reproductive System . ("6" in the orientation figure) a molecular layer containing dendrites of the granule cells. Ependymal cells line each ventricle, one of four central cavities that are remnants of the hollow center of the neural tube formed during the embryonic development of the brain, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord. Fetal tissues are classified into two types: mesenchyme and mucoid (mucous) connective tissue. The spinal cord contains a butterfly-shaped area of grey matter surrounded by an outer layer of white matter. PPT - INTRODUCTION TO HISTOLOGY PowerPoint Presentation, free download Friday, August 26 Epithelial cells form two important histological structures within the brain; the blood-brain barrier and the choroid plexus. Cells come together with extracellular matrix (a jelly-like fluid) to form the four types of tissues found in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. The edges of this loose enclosure extend toward each other, and one end tucks under the other. Did you know that the only thing preventing all the water in your body from leaking out through your skin are the tight junctions between the keratinocytes? What is the difference between a ganglion and a nucleus? Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Neurons are the primary type of cell that most anyone associates with the nervous system. Remember that the perikaryon is the metabolic support center for each neuron, so, therefore, motor neurons require much larger perikarya. The glial cell is wrapped around the axon several times with little to no cytoplasm between the glial cell layers. Histology of Nervous Tissue - PowerPoint PPT Presentation - PowerShow Satellite cells are found in sensory and autonomic ganglia, where they surround the cell bodies of neurons. Nonetheless, it is loosely stratified into layers containing scattered nuclei of both neurons and glial cells. Bipolar cells have two processes, which extend from each end of the cell body, opposite to each other. The multipolar neurons in this area are known as "mossy cells" slide NP004N View Image and they primarily receive input from mossy fibers of the granule cells of the dentate gyrus and then relay those signals back to other cells in the dentate. Together these organs provide the ability of reproduction and sexual intercourse. In the hippocampus orientation Image, observe: In the dentate gyrus orientation Image, observe: The "hilus" is the region where the head of hippocampus abuts the dentate gyrus. Which are classified as grey matter? Nails are plates of proliferating keratinized cells that, similar to hair, contain hard keratin. In general, the brain is composed of an exterior layer of grey matter covering internal areas of white matter, with another internal layer of grey matter in the deepest part of the brain (called the basal nuclei). Examine the gray matter on each side of the sulcus using first low and then high power. Bone tissue is a specialized type of connective tissue that contains cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts), fibers (collagen type I) and mineralized extracellular matrix. Other blotting techniques include Southern blot, Western blot, Far-Western blot, Southwestern blot, Eastern blot, Far-Eastern blot, Northern blot, Reverse Northern blot and Dot blot. These cells contain contractile filaments (myofibrils) called actin (thin) and myosin (thick). The only freely mobile joints are synovial joints, in which adjacent joint surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage, a soft type of cartilage rich in glycoproteins, proteoglycans and type II collagen. Slide 13270 astrocytes, Gold-staining View Virtual Slide Go to a lighter stained area of the slide, which is in focus, and look for typical star-shaped cells, which represent astrocytes. The membrane wrapped around the fascicle is called an endoneurium and is made of the loose reticular connective tissue. Here, the tissue of interest is immersed in a fixative solution. The neuronal bodies within the grey matter are organized into layers (laminae). Blotting technique is a method of localizing and quantifying proteins, DNA and RNA. The tissue is sectioned thinly enough so that light can pass through it. Then, get ready to test your knowledge! Each organ of the digestive system has properties that make it specialized for its role in the digestion, absorption and excretion of food. They are responsible for the computation and . The most common technique used is the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Be able to identify tissues in the nervous system (nerves, cell bodies and ganglia, and white vs. gray matter in the spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum). One is the axon and one the dendrite, forming a straight line. Name this exception. Neuronal processes form connections (synapses) with each other and with other cell types, in order to exchange electrical signals. At low magnification, differentiate inner gray from outer white matter and identify dorsal and ventral horns of the gray matter. Some neurons are named on the basis of those sorts of classifications (Figure 3). Figure 1, Figure 4, and Figure 5 show the myelin sheath surrounding an axon segment, but are not to scale. - PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 2727 Avg rating:3.0/5.0 Slides: 14 Provided by: apbrwww5A Category: Tags: histology | nervous | tissue less I love Anatomy. They return this fluid to the heart, passing it through lymphoid organs. normal functioning and disorders of the nervous. Cardiomyocytes contain actin and myosin filaments just like other muscle cells, but they have some special structural and functional properties. In this article, we will introduce you to the microscopic world of histology. 1. This actually causes problems with drug delivery to the CNS. ("1" in the orientation figure) a polymorphic layer containing many nerve fibers and small cell bodies of interneurons, ("2" in the orientation figure) a middle pyramidal cell layer containing hippocampal pyramidal cells. They can be classified as sensory or autonomic. Some of the proteins help to hold the layers of the glial cell membrane closely together.The appearance of the myelin sheath can be thought of as similar to the pastry wrapped around a hot dog. Each one reaches out and surrounds an axon to insulate it in myelin. It will also benefit the publication of several new topics (Hematology, Pathogen ID, and Gross Anatomy). Central Nervous System | histology - University of Michigan Chapter 1 The Cell Chapter 2 Epithelium Chapter 3 Connective Tissue Chapter 4 Muscle Chapter 5 Cartilage and Bone Chapter 6 Nervous Tissue Chapter 7 Peripheral Blood Chapter 8 Hematopoiesis Organ Systems Ongoing research pursues an expanded role that glial cells might play in signaling, but neurons are still considered the basis of this function. Mucoid connective tissue is a fetal tissue present in the umbilical cord. Which of the following cell types contributes to maintenance of the blood-brain barrier? Wednesday, August 24. Reading time: 28 minutes. Adjacent to the neuron, note myelinated axons of various sizes and also that there are no spaces between cell processes. Pancreatic serous acini secrete digestive enzymes which break down fat, carbohydrates and proteins. The organization and morphology of the cells shown is found ONLY in the ventral spinal cord. Depending on the number of layers, epithelial tissue is classified into simple (single layered) or stratified (multi-layered). Tissues. It consists of internal genitalia (vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries) and external genitalia or vulva (mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, vestibule, vestibular bulb and glands). How about the fact that some cardiomyocytes have the ability to secrete hormones that regulate blood pressure? Most of the nuclei visible in the granular layer belong to very small neurons, granule cells, which participate in the extensive intercommunication involved in the cerebellums role in balance and coordination. Neurons are specialized cells that contain a body (soma) and one or more processes ( dendrites, axons ). The white matter contains nerve fibers (axons) entering and exiting the gray matter, and traveling up and down the spinal cord, linking it to the brain. This is the reason why people with extensive burns are in life-threatening danger. It monitors and regulates the functions of the body. Mesenchyme gives rise to all types of connective tissue. Mescher, A. L. (2013). The study of. Histology of the Nervous System Description: Histology of the Nervous System X-Section of Brain Tissue 4 1 2 3 1. within limits that maintain life. The nucleus is considered to be the brain of the cell. This is because the liver, among many other things, is the major detoxifying machine of the body. On a longitudinal section, cardiomyocytes appear branched, joined together by specialized junctions called intercalated discs which allow them to quickly exchange electrical impulses and work as a syncytium. Available at theiTunes Storeand for Android users at theGoogle Play Store. Histology of Nervous TissueNervous system ppt #2. Type II pneumocytes are also important because they secrete surfactant which prevents the lungs from collapsing. The lighter-colored layers on both sides of the axon are myelin. Health Information Technology & Services. The glomerulus contains some interesting cells, such as mesangial cells which have supportive and phagocytic properties; juxtaglomerular cells that secrete renin which acts, in a broad sense, to help regulate our blood pressure; podocytes that control the permeability of the filtration membrane; and many more. Like a few other parts of the body, the brain has a privileged blood supply. All of these features give muscles the ability to contract and perform various functions, such as movement of the extremities (skeletal muscle), peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract (smooth muscle) and beating of the heart (cardiac muscle). The arrow indicates a morphological type of neuron. DNA is condensed and coiled up into chromosomes. Cells are the tiny living units that form the tissues, organs and structures within the body. Nervous Tissue DR. DEVI 1 16-4-19 2. The name suggests that it has no axon (an- = without), but this is not accurate. After preparation, the tissue is stained. It houses information about each and every structure and process of the cell and organism, in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Nervous tissue histology - slideshare.net Please support theSecondLook initiative with a donation to ourMichigan MedicineSecondLook Donation Champaign(link is external). Slide 076cerebrumcerebrum luxol blue crossView Virtual Slide, Slide 076bcerebrumTB&EView Virtual Slide. Histologically, although there are a few exceptions, endocrine cells generally have an epithelial origin. Neurons of the cerebral cortex are of varying shapes and sizes, but the most obvious arepyramidal cells. This accounts for the name, based on their appearance under the microscope. Copyright 3. The nasal cavity contains specialized olfactory epithelium, providing the sense of smell. Continue your learning with these resources. The cell body contains the nucleus and most of the major organelles. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. Basic nervous tissue staining mechanisms and classification of nervous tissue elements will be discussed. Pharmaceutical companies are challenged to design drugs that can cross the BBB as well as have an effect on the nervous system. These glial cells appear similar to epithelial cells, making a single layer of cells with little intracellular space and tight connections between adjacent cells. This neuron provides preganglionic visceral motor output to sympathetic ganglia - Even though the cord is oriented "sideways," you should still be able to identify this cell as being in the intermediolateral cell column in the lateral extension of the ventral horn where pregagnglionic sympathetic visceral motor neurons are found. Nervous tissue. The dendrites receive neural input from other neurons viasynapses (or they are specialized to receive sensory stimuli), and they transmit neural information toward the perikaryon (Law of Dynamic Polarization). As a muscle contracts, its tendon transmits the force to the bone, pulling on it and causing movement in the associated synovial joint. There are a few processes that extend from the cell body. The cells are laid down on top of dense irregular connective tissue, the basement membrane (BM). Histology of Nervous Tissue - [PPT Powerpoint] - VDOCUMENTS The dorsal nucleus of Clarke slide 066a View Image is in the dorsal horn and contains relatively large, multipolar neurons that receive proprioceptive information from dorsal root ganglion cells that are innervated by muscle spindles in the trunk and lower limb. Aspects of peripheral nerve embryology and clinically . Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. As the name implies, the cell body is shaped somewhat like a pyramid, with a large, branching dendrite extending from the apex of the pyramid toward the cortical surface, and with an axon extending downward from the base of the pyramid. PPT PowerPoint Presentation - Histology & the Integumentary System: Chapter Generally, they are supporting cells for the neurons in the central nervous system. Using the standard model of neurons, one of these processes is the axon, and the rest are dendrites. The excretory system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Deep to the gray matter of the cerebral cortex is the white matter that conveys myelinated fibers between different parts of the cortex and other regions of the CNS. Unipolar cells are exclusively sensory neurons and have two unique characteristics. It is related to both the circulatory system and the immune system. Slide 66a View Virtual Slide shows a section of thoracic spinal cord. Since tissues are normally colourless, applying a dye to the tissue section allows the cells and their components to be seen under a microscope. Many axons are wrapped by an insulating substance called myelin, which is actually made from glial cells. Wheater's Nervous tissues and Central nervous system, Ross and Pawlina (6th ed), Chapter 12 Nerve Tissue, Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a, Michigan Histology and Virtual Microscopy Learning Resources, Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Afferent, efferent, visceral and more. Myelin is a lipid-rich sheath that surrounds the axon and by doing so creates a myelin sheath that facilitates the transmission of electrical signals along the axon. The four main types of stains used in histology are empirical, histochemical, enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical. The BBB also makes it harder for pharmaceuticals to be developed that can affect the nervous system. Get an overview of the different types of epithelial tissue: Connective tissue connects, separates and supports the body organs. All rights reserved. The nervous system is responsible for all our. Neurons in the dorsal horn are essentially interneurons that project to other regions of the CNS (e.g., motor neurons in the spinal cord or sensory input to the brain), so they have much smaller overall volume and therefore much less metabolic demand compared to motor neurons which project to target muscles that may be more than a meter away. T and B lymphocytes are born and raised in the thymus and bone marrow, respectively. However, if you take a much closer look, youll see that the histology of bones, is a whole other story. Because the axon hillock represents the beginning of the axon, it is also referred to as the initial segment. They are found mainly in the olfactory epithelium (where smell stimuli are sensed), and as part of the retina. It acts as insulation, much like the plastic or rubber that is used to insulate electrical wires. Below the dermis, a layer of subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is found. At the end of the axon is the axon terminal, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell, each of which ends in an enlargement called a synaptic end bulb. Nervous Tissue - PowerPoint PPT Presentation - PowerShow Slide NP004N hippocampal region, coronal section, luxol blue View Virtual SlideSlide 13270astrocytes,Gold-stainingView Virtual Slide. All cells contain cytoplasm, are surrounded by a membrane, and contain a variety of structures and organelles. Use the virtual slide of the hippocampal region to study the ependymal cell lining of the choroid plexus. The lipids are essentially the phospholipids of the glial cell membrane. The proteins are then exposed to labeled artificial antibodies that bind to the protein of interest and catalyse a chemiluminescent reaction, in which light is emitted as a result of a chemical reaction allowing visualization of the protein. Most of the respiratory tract is lined by respiratory mucosa; a pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with mucus producing goblet cells. At a histological level, both the heart and blood vessels consist of three layers: The myocardium is formed by striated cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). Review diagrams illustrating the morphology of neurons in your textbooks. Dendrites of Purkinje cells extend deep into the molecular layer, while the axons of Purkinje cells cross the granular layer and join other nerve fibers in the interior white matter of the cerebellum. Click on the tissue and observe. The ECM of nervous tissue is rich in ground substance, with little to no protein fibers. Nervous tissue contains two categories of cellsneurons and neuroglia. Secondly, the cell bodies of unipolar neurons are always found in ganglia. Other methods include histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, hybridization techniques, tissue culture and many others. . Both will appear grey to the naked eye and under the microscope, due to their lack of myelin. Axon diameters can be as small as 1 to 20 micrometers. Specialized connective tissue includes the blood, reticular, cartilage, bone and adipose tissue. The endocrine system is a set of tissues that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. As cells are generally colourless, they need to be stained so that they can be easily viewed under the microscope. Myelin is lipid-rich, and on gross inspection appears white. The delicate meshwork of dendritic processes and nerve fibers (axons) lying between cells in the gray matter is called the neuropil. Cells that are well preserved show features characteristic of most neurons: large cell body, large pale nucleus, Nissl substance, and cell processes (most of which are dendrites). Very little can pass through by diffusion. The nervous system is responsible for the control of the body and the communication among its parts. Why are perikarya of dorsal horn neurons smaller than those in the ventral horn? They include hair follicles, skin glands and nails. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. All cells of the human body are eukaryotic, meaning that they are organized into two parts: nucleus and cytoplasm. All of this is surrounded by three connective tissue membranes (meninges): dura, arachnoid and the pia mater. While this barrier protects the CNS from exposure to toxic or pathogenic substances, it also keeps out the cells that could protect the brain and spinal cord from disease and damage.

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