in whales are modified into broad paddle like flippers

in whales are modified into broad paddle like flippers

relatively small (except for sperm whale)deep diving great whale; eat squid and coat the beak with waxy coating to pass it- floats to the surface (ambergris) and is used in perfume though now it can be created synthetically), baleen whales- rows of flexible fibrous plates made of keratin These 30- to 50-pound rodents can greatly change whole environments with their dam-building activities. male bull elephant seals are the largest pinnipeds 2023 WILD SKY MEDIA. 3. cricket. (3175 kg). Unlike the manatee they have a hairless body and a fluked horizontal tail like a whale's. The smallest sea turtle in the world, Kemps Ridley sea turtle lives in the Gulf of Mexico. No claws, no hind limbs and no external ears. In marine mammals, these dorsally positioned nostrils are called the blowhole. The long wing feathers typical of most birds would be too flexible for swimming through water. They have broad, paddle-like flippers and notched tails. probe or pick up food items from the surface Wings are modified into paddle-like flippers. Over time, they slowly . They can easily glide through the water by flapping their front flippers. only marine mammals that are strict herbivores (eat 10% of their body weight each day), largest group of marine mammals (numbers, and body size) These large marine mammals can measure 10 feet long and weigh up to 2,000 pounds. Empower Her. This forms a tapered, flat flipper for swimming. To find . Tail divided in two broad horizontal fleshy flukes with a notch, used in propulsion. A humpback can measure up to 19 meters (62 feet) long. and native species (Stachowicz 2004), especially the . laterally flattened with a paddle like tail mostly ovoviviparous carnivorous . These species have cardiovascular system to help them to swim and at the same time it helps them to breathe underwater and they have specialized gills or wings to swim in the water without facing difficulties. . sperm whale. These marine mammals have a prominent beak-like rostrum (snout), long front flippers, and large tail flukes. They have the largest flippers of any sea turtle. The northern fur seal migrates in winter from the Bering Sea to California and Japan. [3], For all species of aquatic vertebrates, swimming performance depends upon the animal's control surfaces, which include flippers, flukes and fins. Their front limbs have been modified into broad flippers. Their name literally translates to dolphin without a fin but despite lacking a dorsal fin, beluga whales still have flippers. Gray whales can live 40 to 60 years. blood is redirected only to vital organs FRIA Usable by all levels of play 0351 Accessory by Rick Sada Glossary of Selected Ulutiun Terms ahsukk: a trade board comprised of kiam from several neighboring lulutiun villages Explain why it could be useful for the mechanical advantage of a bicycle to be less than 1. Animal Triangle is a website where we publish articles from wild animals to animals fun facts. - Broad round flippers - Reduced eyes - One fossil, one extant species from China - One fossil, one extant species from China Delphinidae - Most diverse cetacean family 36 sp, 17 gen - Open ocean to some into freshwater (Orcella brevirostris, Sotalia fluvatilis) - Most small to medium 1.5-4.5m, killer whale to 9.5m . 2. While the fore-flippers help to propel, and swim through the water with efficiency. The California sea lion is a large pinniped closely related to seals and walruses. Dugongs root for water grasses day and night. The largest of all turtles, leatherback sea turtles can measure almost 6 feet long and weigh over 1,000 pounds. From the gracile and crescent-shaped flippers of a pilot whale, to the thick and door-like flippers of right whales, cetacean flippers come in lots of shapes and sizes (Figure 2, Figure 3) (Howell, 1930; Benke, 1993).Most delphinids have small and thin flippers, except the broad and thick flippers of the killer whale (Orcinus orca).Killer whales display sexual dimorphism in that the male . Fortunately, They have thin and long flippers that are perfect for swimming through the water. triangular dorsal fins Flattened limb adapted for propulsion and maneuvering in water, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Why Did Penguins Stop Flying? Analia Giorgetti, who was out on the water on her birthday, says it was "privilege . Hippopotami leave the water at dusk to feed on land vegetation. They weigh 5,000 to 8,000 pounds and live an average of 40 years in the wild. Using aerial photography and filming,. The striking feature of them is their black and white color body with strong flippers, dorsal fin, a fin located on their back, and powerful fluke. Scale models of the flippers from large-bodied (body length > 6 m) cetaceans (fin whale, killer whale, sperm whale) were constructed from computed tomography (CT) scans of flippers. Walruses live up to 40 years in the wild. If any of the genes are missing, if they are misread, read out of sequence, or altered in any way, the cell or organism may dramatically change. The ultimate fate of any one cell--whether it becomes a skin cell, a nerve cell, a kidney cell, or a bone cell--depends upon which genes are read. Humpback whales are a favorite of whale watchersthey are often active, jumping out of the water and slapping the surface with their pectoral fins or tails. The forelimbs of baleen whales are pectoral flippers. The beak or bill is broad and flat just like a duck, hence named as duck-billed platypus. small dexterous front feet with retractable claws SPECIES. Order - Cetacea. Usage of the terms "fin" and "flipper" is sometimes inconsistent, even in the scientific literature. Semiaquatic river otters, like other amphibious mammals, have dense, thick fur and streamlined bodies designed for life in the water. The 13 species of sea lions are divided into two groups, sea lions and fur seals. sp. . [13] Use of the flippers for foraging behavior is observed in marine mammals such as walruses, seals, and manatee, and even in reptiles such as sea turtles. Fish have fins, but marine mammals, sea turtles, and penguins have flippers. They also have large front and rear flippers that are used to walk on all fours on land like sea lions. The tubercles on the leading edge act as passive-flow control devices that improve performance and maneuverability of the flipper. young are fed by milk secreted by the mammary gland, pinnipeds- flipper footed The Amazon river dolphin is also called a pink river dolphin. prefer warm water and will migrate to it eat bottom invertebrates no external ears float low in the water because their outer feathers lack oils to make it easier for them to dive, agile flyers (narrow wings and long forked tails) It had a whale-like appearance. Lets discover them in detail with pictures. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. (4) Skin tough containing minute placoid scales and mucous glands. Attivit . It refers to the fully webbed, swimming appendages of aquatic vertebrates that are not fish. Cetacea, "flipper footed" The skeletal elements are rigidly supported by connective tissue: thick cartilage pads lie lengthwise between the bones. This is easiest to see in whales and dolphins, like this beluga whale skull. They have all the skeletal elements of the forelimbs of terrestrial mammals, but they're foreshortened and modified into paddle-shaped appendages. The living Cetacea are divided into two suborders Odontoceti (toothed whales) and Mysticeti or . (1) Hair-clad, mostly terrestrial, air-breathing, warm blooded, viviparous, tetrapod vertebrates. In many aquatic amniotes, the nares migrate towards the eyes, or the top of the head. They have two fore flippers and limb flippers that are paddle-shaped. Their flippers are short, round and pointed. live and hunt on ice and coastlines along circumpolar arctic coastlines, 3 species of manatee, 1 dugong Large marine fish-like mammals well adapted for aquatic life pectoral limbs modified into broad paddle-like flippers. They are the rarest of all porpoises. WildlifeInformer.com is your #1 source for free information about all types of wildlife and exotic pets. wings modified into flippers- very strong breast muscles The rear flukesthe large appendage on a whale's tailprovide the thrust, like jet engines. uaoer UBRAIT NATURAL HISTORY IN ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS Natural History in Zoological Gardens BEING SOME ACCOUNT OF VERTEBRATED ANIMALS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THOSE USUALLY TO BE S fusiform body plan No claws, no hind limbs and no external ears. paddle-like, and slightly upcurled at the tips. Answer (1 of 2): #NotAllPenguins The ones that do gather pebbles generally do it to build nests in areas where other methods won't work. Animal's n beluga. Most smaller whales, and all the dolphins and porpoises, belong to the toothed whale suborder. The beluga whale has a flexible neck that enables it to turn its head in all directions. When you click and buy we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you. The hippopotamus loves water and stays submerged up to 16 hours of the day. Tylosaurus is well adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Toothed whales feed primarily on fish. (2) Limbs 2 pairs, pentadactyle, each with 5 or fewer digits. This carnivore was about 10-13 feet (3-4 m) long. Solution: Whales are large marine mammals well adapted for aquatic life. Bowheads are mostly blue-black in coloration, but have white on their jaw and belly, and a patch on their tail stock (peduncle) that gets whiter with age. Tylosauurs was hard to handle since it would eat anything that would enter its water. Pectoral flippers have all the skeletal elements of the forelimbs of terrestrial mammals, but they're foreshortened and modified into paddle-shaped appendages. Toothed whales are much smaller than the whalebone whales. Here are several characteristics that show some of the major differences between whales and fish: Whales Are warm-blooded Breath air Give birth to their young Produce milk Fish Are cold-blooded Extract oxygen from the water using gills Lay eggs They aren't known for nurturing their young Note: Whales can vary greatly in terms of weights and size. Mammal: Type # 1. dor noun. There may be competition for space and food between . The Amazon river dolphins have a pink color body, fluke, as well as pink colored flippers. Humpback whales utilize extremely mobile, wing-like flippers for banking and turning. The bones are much flattened, solid, dense, broadened, with the joint of the elbow and wrist essentially fused. An introduction to evolution: what is evolution and how does it work? 3 Luglio 2022; common last names in kazakhstan; medical careers that don't require math in sa . both parents raise a single chick, heavy beak with tube like nostrils They spend the majority of their time in the water. tissue are able to tolerate high levels of lactic acid Swimming performance in sea lions is modulated by changes in the duration and intensity of movements without changing their sequence. In animals with four flippers, such as pinnipeds and sea turtles, one may distinguish fore- and hind-flippers, or pectoral flippers and pelvic flippers.[2][3]. Their wings are modified into paddle like flippers. light hollow bones Zoology. Whalebones are the largest whales -- the blue whale, the largest animal ever known to have lived, reaches up to 100 feet and 200 tons. good swimmers- front flippers rotate for more power and maneuvering Didemnum . vegetation, encrusting algae, mollusks, crustaceans, jellyfish, internal fertilization- females can store sperm for periods of time and are not monogamous. It weighs up to 25 pounds. The female' s dorsal fin is falcate while the male' s . Walruses also use their flippers underwater to stir up prey from the seafloor. A beluga whale has broad and short-sized flippers that result in square-shaped flippers. (spermaceti organ- looks like sperm, huge in the sperm whale- where it gets its name; sperm whales can emit a sonic blast that can stun/ kill . They are famous for attacking through their flukes as they can kill up to 15 fish in a slap through their flukes. any of an order of sea mammals with flippers church audio visual companies near me assignation pronunciation Navigation. dorsal-ventrally flattened tail/ fluke Their whiskers are sensitive to the movements of small sea creatures. In this video, you can clearly see the blunt paddle-like flippers and the broad head which has callosities that form unique patterns. Instead of having wings like other birds, penguins have tapered, flattened flippers for swimming. The aquatic habitat of marine "air-breathing" vertebrates provides a significant thermoregulatory challenge due to the high thermal conductivity of water. Among them, three digits are larger than the two digits located at the outer side of the flippers. Large rounded tubercles along the leading edge of the flipper are morphological structures that are unique in . Forelimbs are modified into broad paddle-like flippers while posterior limbs are absent. . They are closely related to manatees, and they never leave the water. [12], Evers et al. Our scientists use a variety of innovative techniques to study, protect, and disentangle humpback whales. All living whales lack hindlimbs and have forelimbs modified as flippers. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that contact of an agar plate with a finger results in more bacterial growth than the exposure of the plate to classroom air. The rostrum is dimpled and bumpy. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. share many/ all characteristics with terrestrial birds (no webbed feet) D. Pectoral flippers. Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images. Their "nests" are a combination of a little pouch in their bellies: (Ima. Humpback whales live in all of the world's oceans. The bones are flattened and broadened, with the joint of the elbow and wrist almost fused. A thick layer of blubber beneath their skin helps to conserve heat. valued for fur and oil- not well adapted for land (easy to hunt) Dugong are in the same family as manatees. Archelon, like other anapsids, had a . walruses, earless and eared seals ), sirenians (e.g. They are the largest river dolphins in the world. Tetrapod limbs which have evolved into fin-like structures are usually (but not always) called "flippers" rather than fins. curved dorsal fins Belugas are majestic sociable creatures that are well adapted to their arctic and subarctic environment. A mother gray whale's milk is more than 50% fat. The flippers are broad and either rounded or sharply curved. Using criteria based on velocity and the minimum radius of turns, pinnipeds' maneuverability is superior to cetaceans but inferior to many fish. Co3+(aq)+6NH3(aq)Co(NH3)63+\mathrm{Co}^{3+}(a q)+6 \mathrm{NH}_3(a q) \rightleftarrows \mathrm{Co}\left(\mathrm{NH}_3\right)_6^{3+} They can use their flippers to scratch and groom their thick fur coats. Paddle noun A two-handed, single-bladed oar used to propel a canoe or a small boat. A Manatee, including the Amazonian manatee, the West African manatee, the West Indian manatee, also known as a sea cow, is a large-sized herbivorous marine mammal that belongs to Genus Trichechus, Family Trichechidae, and is found in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and West Africa. The history of life: looking at the patterns - Change over time and shared ancestors; Mechanisms: the processes of evolution - Selection, mutation, migration, and more; Microevolution - Evolution within a population; Speciation - How new species arise . (flp ) noun. Pectoral flippers are a whale's forelimbs. (railcoot, plover, crane, herons), homeotherms eat fish and squid long flexible neck, distinct tusks- anchor themselves to the ice, and to root around in sediments for food) Emperor Penguins, for example, "nest" where there is just ice, with no exposed rock. In cetaceans, they are primarily used for control while the fluke is used for propulsion. Therefore, all four and strong flippers can enable them to attain a speed of about 35 kmph. River otters weigh up to 18 pounds and reach up to 4 feet long, including their tail. Heavy, solid bones These act like a diver's weight belt, allowing them to stay underwater. small ears and long necks hundred of vibrissae (whiskers) (3) Fins both median and paired, all supported by fin rays. Their rear flippers dont rotate like sea lions and walruses, so they scoot their bodies, using their front flippers to push themselves on land. pinnipeds use posterior flippers predatory and scavenging (can use tools such as bread to lure prey) They are the only large whale that does not have a dorsal fin. Enter a series of 1s, 2s, 3s, and 4s into the array to represent people at a local school function; 1 represents an infant, 2 represents a child, 3 represents a teenager, and 4 represents an adult. 4. Eventually, the whales' hind legs shrank so much that they disappeared completely. salt glands in nose excrete excess salt Found along the coasts and estuaries of Florida, Central America and the West Indies, the massive, slow-moving North American manatee is one of three species of manatee. A walrus, including the Atlantic walrus, the Pacific walrus, is a large-sized ocean mammal that belongs to Genus Odobenus, Family Odobenidae, and is found in the North Pole, the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. . However, the use of limbs for foraging is documented in marine tetrapods. Tylosaurus is well adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. [1], Cetacean flippers may be viewed as being analogous to modern engineered hydrofoils, which have hydrodynamic properties: lift coefficient, drag coefficient and efficiency. Beluga whales use their pectoral flippers mainly to steer and, with the help of the flukes, to stop. A humpback whale is a species of whale that belongs to Genus Megaptera, Family Balaenopteridae, and is found across the oceans and seas. bradycardia- slow heart rate translations flipper Add . [4], Flippers on humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) have non-smooth leading edges, yet demonstrate superior fluid dynamics to the characteristically smooth leading edges of artificial wings, turbines and other kinds of blades. A flipper has a bone structure as well as cartilage, joints, and tendons. They have a waterproof coat, closable ears, closable nostrils, paddle-shaped tail and webbed feet. identified characters related to the pectoral girdle and forelimb that are related to the modification of sea turtle arms and hands into flippers. (4) Mostly gregarious and carnivorous. Our mission at Wildlife Informer is to share free information and pictures of wildlife with our readers. Cetacea is a scientific order of large aquatic mammals that have forelimbs modified into flippers, a . eyesight adapted for underwater- poor on land drinks mothers milk for up to a year These seals have flippers, fore flippers, and hind flippers. 10 Tail is dorsoventrally flattened, ends into flaps and flukes. spend months-years at open sea They have a stocky appearance and no dorsal fin. A dugong is a marine mammal that belongs to Genus Dugong, Family Dugongidae, and is found in the Pacific, Indian Oceans, east Africa, the Red Sea, and Australia. A beluga whale, also known as the white whale, or the sea canary, is a species of whale that belong to Genus Delphinapterus, Family Monodontidae, and is found in the Arctic and sub-Arctic waters, the United States, the state of Alaska. prominent pectoral fins The tail is short and wedge-shaped. well placed to exert turning forces on the whale. [4], The evolution of flippers in penguins was at the expense of their flying capabilities, in spite of evolving from an auk-like ancestor that could 'fly' underwater as well in the air. Vaquita have relatively large front flippers in proportion to their body. These whales have the longest flippers of any creature on earth. This made it hard for the keepers to take care of it. 3. They have no visible external ears. It lived during the time of the dinosaurs, but it was not a dinosaur. gray whales stir up sediments and take a large mouth full of mud to get bottom invertebrates, deep diving great whale; eat squid and coat the beak with waxy coating to pass it- floats to the surface (ambergris) and is used in perfume though now it can be created synthetically, oppertunists- eat seals, penguins, fish Orcas large paddle-shaped flippers are not only used for agility and steering at fast speeds but also used to play. beaked whales, characterized by a snout drawn into a beak inhabit deep ocean basins. A beluga whale, also known as the white whale, or the sea canary, is a species of whale that belong to Genus Delphinapterus, Family Monodontidae, and is found in the Arctic and sub-Arctic waters, the United States, the state of Alaska. Sea lions have conspicuous external ears. 13. GlosbeResearch. Flippers are one of the principal control surfaces of cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) due to their position in front of the center of mass, and their mobility which provides three degrees of freedom. noun 1 A broad flat limb without fingers, used for swimming by various sea animals such as seals, whales, and turtles. ~80 species The front limbs became modified as paddle-shaped flippers, the bones of which are still reminiscent of jointed limbs and digits, but the hind limbs were lost. Atlantic bottlenose dolphins are one of the most common and best-known types of dolphins. and it prefers hard substrate, like dock pilings, over soft sediment (Bullard et al. They have broad, paddle-like flippers and notched tails.They are known as sociable mammals that live, hunt and migrate together in pods, ranging from a few individuals to hundreds of whales. (499-1143 kg) and 11-15 feet (3.4-4.6 m). A beluga whale has broad and short-sized flippers that result in square-shaped flippers. Webbed front feet evolved into paddle-like flippers. They have four flippers, two are fore flippers and two are hind flippers, that contain a brought surface or bottom for providing grip on the slippery snow and ice surfaces. a. The flippers of penguins became thicker, denser and smaller while being modified for hydrodynamic properties. All four limbs are modified into paddle-like flippers, and the long tail has a fluke at the end. mammary slit to remain streamline conical interlocking teeth Follow along as we learn more about animals with flippers. They have a dark dorsal surface, faint gray lateral sides, a white color ventral surface along with flippers, dorsal fin, and tail fin. Its flippers can extend another four meters (13 feet) in front of its . [5], The foreflippers used by the pinnipeds act as oscillatory hydrofoils. What Animals Live in a Tropical Rainforest? A beluga whale's pectoral flipper contains five digits much like the fingers on a human . Great whales produce a spout when exhaling, appneuistic breathing- if they are going to take a long dive pant at surface to oxygenate the blood then exhale all the air before they dive View Test Prep - FW 318 Mammal List for studying.docx from FW 318 at Oregon State University, Corvallis. Questo sito utilizza cookie di profilazione propri o di terze parti. Whales in this suborder include river dolphins, beaked whales, sperm whales, beluga or white whales, narwhal, killer whales, Atlantic bottlenose dolphins and the common or harbor porpoise. Humpbacks use their front flippers in a way researchers had thought was impossible. So how do we know whales' ancestors had hooves? The Dugong is a large, grey brown bulbous animal with a flattened fluked tail, like that of a whale, no dorsal fin, paddle like flippers and distinctive head shape. whale - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. The flippers are broad and . . Distributed throughout the North Atlantic and North Pacific, even into the Arctic circle, this is a large . Whales today do not have feet, so of course they don't have hooves. Found only in rivers in Africa, hippopotami are between 10 and 15 feet long including the tail. Some flippers are very efficient hydrofoils, analogous to wings (airfoils), used to propel and maneuver through the water with great speed and maneuverability (see Foil). The walrus is found in the Arctic Ocean and in subarctic seas. Forelimbs modified into paddle-like flippers. (5) Endoskeleton entirely cartilaginous, without true bones (6) Notochord persistent. Belugas have a broad, rounded head and a large forehead. Menu. An elephant seal, including the northern elephant seal, the southern elephant seal, is a large-sized seal that belongs to Genus Mirounga, Family Phocidae, and is found in South Georgia Island, Macquarie Island, the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina. homeotherms The bowhead whale, also known as the Greenland right whale, is about 45-60 feet long and weighs 75-100 tons when full-grown. The animal's flippers are small but mighty, enabling them to swim at speeds of up to 17 miles per hour. Dugongs grow up to 10 feet long and weigh 510 to 1,100 pounds. Adult Pacific Gray Whales can be 45 feet long and weight up to 33 tons. Posted by October 30, 2021 wellington phoenix players salary on in whales are modified into broad paddle like flippers October 30, 2021 wellington phoenix players salary on in whales are modified into broad paddle like flippers | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples (3) Exoskeleton includes lifeless, horny, epidermal hairs, spines, scales, claws, nails, hoofs, horns, bony dermal plates, etc. carnivores- spend 75% of their lives in water PECTORAL FLIPPERS 1. The emperor penguin can use its long narrow flippers to fly through the water. more blood- more red blood cells- more hemoglobin hind flippers only used for swimming- dragged on land Surprisingly, The combinations of flippers and tail flukes help to attain a maximum speed of about 25 kmph. Both fore and hind flippers are used for turning. Wings are modified into paddle-like flippers. Cetacea : (Gk. These mammals are adapted strictly to an aquatic life and may be characterized as follows: small to extremely large, hairless, fish-shaped mammals; front limbs modified as flippers or fins, hind limbs absent except for vestigial internal remnants; eyes and ears small, the latter valvular and lacking external parts; skull telescoped so that . and their tail is enlarged and flattened horizontally to form a fluke or paddle. (2) Limbs 2 pairs, pentadactyle, each with 5 or fewer digits. Females return to the same beach they hatched to lay their eggs. Tylosauurs was hard to handle since it would eat anything that would enter its water. walruses, earless and eared seals), sirenians (e.g. It grows up to 13 feet long and weighs up to 1,300 pounds. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like toothed whales, family ziphiidae, family physeteridae and more. Whales Whales have streamlined bodies tapering toward the horizontal tail that distinguishes them from fish. In whales, forelimbs are modified into fish fin-like structure, called flippers. Pinnipeds are aquatic mammals with all flour limbs modified into flippers. Accetta luso dei cookie per continuare la navigazione. Adult beluga whales are easily distinguished by their often pure white skin, their small size and their lack of dorsal fin. These semiaquatic carnivores have a streamlined shape, flippers and webbed feet. Plesiosaurs swam using their four paddle-like flippers in a manner similar to that of modern turtles. Flippers are appendages that marine animals use for moving and steering through the water. Suborder Odontoceti are characterized by teeth echolocation one external blowhole 10 families, beaked whales, characterized by a snout drawn into a beak inhabit deep ocean basins, is a waxy substance found within the rostrum of sperm whales (dolphin melon), is a section of the sperm whales digestive tract base for perfumes, ganges and idus river dolphin, asian river dolphins defined by long narrow beak, mumerous pointed teeth broad paddle like flippers, franciscana-pontoporia blainvillei found in rivers of south america(Atlantic), Inia geoffrensis-Bouto, found in amazon river exclusively freshwater, reduced eyes, elongate rostrum, conical front teeth, molariform back teeth, Lipotes vexillifer-baiji, chinese river found in yangtze river long narrow upturned beak, low triangular dorsal fin broad flippers, very small eyes, Oceanic dolphins Dephinids is the collective term for members of the cetacean family delphinidae specifically dolphins most diverse cetacean family 17 genera, includes dolphin spinner dolphin, pilot whale, killer whale, David N. 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