most educated person in zimbabwe

most educated person in zimbabwe

He has been on almost every credible list. Dr Dashrath Singh Shekhawat has a Ph.D. in three subjects. As long as an inspirational person is able to make some sort of impact throughout the course of their life, they are considered the most educated. President Mutharika is a renowned international Economic Law expert; his remarkable academic qualifications were a big reason behind his success at the presidential polls in 2014. Answer (1 of 8): As a general principle here on planet earth, in the last 400 years, white and non white people sharing the same nation, space and resources, should never be equal. . Africa Facts Zone has posted the top 11 African countries with the most educated individuals. Nicknamed the Tanzanian bulldozer, Dr. John Magufuli became the president of Tanzania in 2015. He is not only influential to the people of Zimbabwe but in Africa as a whole. Zimbabwe, The Most Educated Country In Africa, Abducted Nigerian Schoolgirls May Never Return Says Ex-President, Little To No Jailtime For Driver Who Killed Nicki Minajs Father. Some critics also claimed that the presence of countries like Libya (4th) and Zimbabwe (8th) in the top 10 list says a lot about Muammar Gaddafi and Robert Mugabe who were somewhat controversial figures in the continent. Bachelor of Arts from Fordham University, New York. Eleven years later in 2011, the man swotted hard and graduated high school with a good CGPA of 3.2. Ndebele and Shona and are commonly . AFRICANGLOBE Despitesuffering huge reverses in the education sector due to a decade long economic crisis, Zimbabwe still tops Africas literacy rankings, a respected continental publication has revealed. Heres a list of his academic and honorary degrees to his name. At the age of 23 Musawenkosi Donia Saurombe will achieve a historic feat in October when she graduates with a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in industrial psychology, according to Drum magazine. However, a former cabinet minister and Zanu PFs secretary for education, Sikhanyiso Ndlovu dismissed the report. Nigeria's most cultured people are the Igbo. In most colleges and Universities the thrust and objective of the student is to graduate not to learn. It's one of the world's . Daniela Simidchieva With an IQ of 200, Daniela Simidchieva is one of the smartest people in the world. According to Mark K. Smith education is a process of inviting truth and possibility. Ph.D. in Law from the French University of Nice Sophia Antipolis. Before the act, Zimbabwe's education system was divided between African and European schools. Masters Degree in Management from Kellers Graduate School of Management. We must stop trying to be like men or better than them because there is a much more profound work that necessitates our diligent application, therefore we must not let ourselves be distracted in a futile quest to be better than others, but rather to be better than the woman we were yesterday. Go to public lectures. He took power in 2015 after serving in different leadership positions. Have something to add to this story? An educated person realizes this. Give yourself a headstart: Londons High Court is lacking central testimonies in the $11bn corruption case opposing the Federal Republic of Nigeria to an offshore company because many witnesses are either unable or unwilling to give evidence. With hard-hitting investigations, innovative analysis and deep dives into countries and sectors, The Africa Report delivers the insight you need. While, we may agree that education is a fundamental ingredient in governance the evidence or lack of it has made very little difference in the African context. degree in Law and in Economics alongside several other PhDs aside the 14 honorary degrees, this record will indeed be a very hard one . Please agree to the privacy policy below in order to subscribe to our newsletter. According to the latest edition of The African Economist, Zimbabwe leads the continent with a literacy rate of 90.7 percent followed by Equatorial Guinea at 87 . He is the most educated President in the world. He grabbed the power following his father Gnassigbe Eyademas death, who had already ruled the country for about 38 years. South Africa 4. According to E.C. Eswatini 10. Nov 4, 2015. One, I'd like to present to you, and to the wider Classics community. By Jill Anderson. Zimbabwe ranked third for duration of education > primary level amongst Hot countries in 2002. Solve crosswords on The African Exponent. These degrees include an MA in anthropology from Cambridge as well as MRC in psychiatry from the University of Edinburgh though he holds others in geography, history, mathematics, and aviation medicine. Ibrahim Keita has three degrees in Political International Relations, History, and Political Science, including graduate degrees in Political Science and International Relations. Zimbabwe's education system consists of 7 years of primary and 6 years of secondary schooling before students can enter university in the country or abroad. In other words, they are influential in the morals they teach others. The indigenous people of Zimbabwe trace back to Bantu origins and are believed to have populated the land for more than 10 centuries. He started out as a teacher, the President went on to have many qualifications in Law, Economics and Arts. In 1979, a new Zimbabwe-Rhodesia government called for an education reform that created a three-tier school system. Media. Nevertheless, from this brief discourse, it is clear that our grandparents received far much more than even our most educated people today, as their education was superior. Another Nigerian who made the top 8 cut is Mike Adenuga with a total wealth of $5.8bn (N2,244,600,000,000). What makes Bolgers story even more amazing is that he has struggled with severe dyslexia his entire life, a disability hes clearly never let hold him back. Doctor of the Science of Law Degree (JSD) from Yale University. PAY ATTENTION: Download our mobile app to enjoy the latest news update. Giu 11, 2022 | how to calculate calories per serving in a recipe. Ashoka J. Prasad Jr. Indian professor Ashoka Prasad is a leader in the medical field in his country, helping advance pediatrics and neonatal care for Indian citizens and has taught at schools like Columbia, U Penn, Harvard, Yale, and Cambridge. She is one of the few academics to have taken part in the annual international summit of the Golden Key International Honour Society which was recently held in the USA. The language of an educated person depends the country in which they were educated. Zimbabwe also has a very high literacy. DESPITE a protracted economic crisis which has decimated its social services and infrastructure, Zimbabwe's education has retained its ranking among the best in Africa. NoViolet Bulawayo is two for two when it comes to making the Booker list of finalists. Hes currently working on a MA in astrology from Magadh University and plans to return to college as an administrator in the coming months. Michael Griffin While he might not hold the insane amount of degrees that some others on this list do, Michael Griffins educational history is still impressive, to say the least. if ($('.pp-cb:checked').length == 0) { Unlike in the developed world where innovation is highly valued and turned to useful consumer products and services, local research seems to be for show purposes only. After the shift in policy and leadership the education system split into . Musicians have the platform to represent people and thats what Oliver Mtukudzi has chose to do with his music. The magazine defined literacy as the ability to read and write at the age of 15 and above. Often after a talk, a question-and-answer session is held. The Shona form the majority of the population - approximately 80%. Definition of educated person self-confident Self-confidence tends to emerge from growing experience in widening groups, from successes in assigned tasks, from taking meaningful initiative, and from high expectations and consistent encouragement from those we respect the most. Hes currently finishing up what will be his tenth degree, a PhD at Fudan University, to add to his collection which, include three other doctorates, two masters, and four other bachelors and technical certification diplomas. Another case involves an English ordinary level paper leak reported in The Herald (Nov 2018) involving of some students from Mhondoro. There is need for tailor making the curriculum to match the needs and aspirations of the nation. At the age of 23 Musawenkosi Donia Saurombe will achieve a historic feat in October when she graduates with a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in industrial psychology, according to Drum magazine. Many critics expressed surprise at Equatorial Guinea topping the list of countries with the highest literacy percentage in the continent; out of the 1,402,983 people in the Central African country, more than 95 percent can read and write. President Magufuli is a seasoned educationist and Chemist. Benjamin Bradley Bolger (born 1975) is an American perpetual student who has earned 14 degrees and claims to be the second-most credentialed person in modern history after Michael W. Nicholson (who has 30 degrees). can i cancel boxycharm and keep premium; azure devops dashboard api; new nfl playoff format bracket 0. Find out if a scholar or writer is giving a talk in your neighborhood. Meanwhile, Legit.ng earlier published the top 8 richest people in Africa. RT @SAMusicMag: @DacapoSA on @RealBlackCoffee Impact On His Career He Paved They Way For Me FULL INTERVIEW > Libya 5. We believe that there is good news all around us and over 1 million readers a month agree with us. Create custom graphs. Below is a table showing the top 10 countries in Africa with the most educated people in 2020. Bachelors Degree in Financial Management from the Sorbonne, in Paris. This is the reason why there have been documented cases of examination leaks as in a Bulawayo court case against an 18-year-old Tshabala surbub accused of leaking three ordinary level examination papers (Chronicle Nov 2017). Currently, Simidchieva works for Progressive Business Solutions as an expert on international programs and projects, but even she, with all of her degrees and expertise, had a hard time finding a job in this economy. The most educated president in the world is from Africa, Robert Mugabe. We consider individual and corporate contributions through the website ormail us directly here. Whilst studying at Aquinas ACU at the turn of the century he completed an amazing 11 degrees. The country recently underwent a civil war, but things seem to be much more stable . According to the Oxford English dictionary, academic means relating to education and scholarship, not of practical relevance but of only theoretical interest. If there is a threat of equality of any kind, a large portion of the European mindset goes into a semi-conscious pa. Speaking of the education of Dr Shekhawat, he has done a Ph.D. in three subjects. Master of Arts in International Relations from Graduate Faculty of The New School, New York. The curriculum that worked in 1970 may not be effective today. GoodThingsGuy is a global, multi-platform media company that distills unique content across multiple media platforms. Despite the lake's size, Edward seems to know every inch of it. The two Law degrees were earned while he was in Prison from 1964-1975 and the MSc while leading the Zimbabwe government after Independence. Anybody whos listened to President Mugabe speak can confirm his intelligence and what a great orator he is. Photo: aljazeera.com. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. Editorial_Staff. By. Her PhD thesis looked into the talent value propositions for academic staff members in higher education. Zimbabwe has a high rate of literacy and this might have been influenced by its leader's eagerness to learning and how education is perceived as the only way to a better . Manfana's successor, Mhlanga, had a son named Musi who, in the . https://t.co/FWYfB10N7j ht, @daddyhope FULL Interview https://t.co/lQjHVd6uAx, Copyright All rights reserved . Education is important in our society, as it allows people to be more aware of what is happening in the world. | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy. Robert Gabriel Mugabe made his first breath on February 21, 1924. They are ends in themselves with absolute dignity. They have chosen or fallen into schooling-trying to drill learning into people according to some plan often drawn by others, (Paulo Freire 1973). He is not only influential to the people of Zimbabwe but in Africa as a whole. Comments. Literacy levels in Zimbabwe are believed to be at 90%, the highest in Africa, although Zimstat says 97% of the country's 13 million people are literate. For amanzi [water]? he asks, evidently indignant. Zimbabwe became an independent country under the rule of the white minority in 1965 causing civil and international outrage. Hence communication was one of the main reasons why Africans had to get an education. The North West University (NWU) student was reportedly born in Zimbabwe and raised in Botswana before she moved to SA to embark on her studies at the age . The man never became self-complacent as he went further to finish college in 2015 with 3.5 CGPA. Biography of the most educated president in the whole world. ever seen. The Shona occupied much of the modern Zimbabwe and the area between the Sabi and Pungwe rivers and extended to the Indian Ocean in modern-day Mozambique. Kevin Cummins: Australian born, Kevin Cummins has more degrees than a thermometer across a range of disciplines in Education. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1991 to 1993. Like Nicholson, Bolger is from Michigan. - Nigeria was not ranked on the list of top 11 countries with the highest literacy rate compiled by World Population Review, - In the shared list on Twitter by Africa Facts Zone, Equitorial Guinea leads the pack with 95% literacy level, - On the bottom of the list are Zimbabwe, Eswatini, and Gabon with 84%, 83%, and 85% respectively. Education in Zimbabwe. President Mugabe is the worlds most educated President to ever live. Facilities and equipment requirements checks must be vigorous so as to close the skills deficit Zimbabwe experiences today. Hage Geingob - Namibia. Now retired from his work as a professor, Rai believes that lifelong learning is essential to a happy life, which may be why he plans to keep earning degrees even though hes retired from academics. 1.4 The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Zimbabwe In . (function($) {window.fnames = new Array(); window.ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[1]='FNAME';ftypes[1]='text';fnames[2]='LNAME';ftypes[2]='text';}(jQuery));var $mcj = jQuery.noConflict(true); NewZimbabwe.com The Zimbabwe News You Trust is Zimbabwes leading online newspaper and published by New Zimbabwe Media Ltd. Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. For the second city, Bulawayo, Zimstat said: Census information on education revealed that about 10 percent of the population age 3-24years had never been to school. Interestingly, former Zimbabwe president, Robert Mugabe was considered the most educated president in the world while he was alive. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . The statistics, by the Zimbabwe Statistical Agency (Zimstat) revealed that 51% of men had not been to school, while 49% of females had missed out on formal education. The Zimbabwe Council for Higher Education, ZIMCHE, was established in 2006 so . Zimbabwe . Brent Lindeque is the founder and editor in charge at Good Things Guy. Before being appointed chief of NASA, Griffin was also working towards finishing an MS in computer science at Johns Hopkins. For amanzi [water]? he asks, evidently indignant. The reason why we have been rated as one of the most literate populations is because various measures have been taken to ensure that every Zimbabwean is educated. In a bold assertion, Mohamed Dagalo - the deputy head of Sudan's ruling council - admitted in February that the 2021 coup, in which army leaders overthrew civilian authorities, was a "mistake". He also became the first and only African player to win FIFA worlds best player and other noteworthy awards. Graduate in Law, University of Lisbon, Portugal, Masters in Legal Sciences Faculty of Law, University of Lisbon, Portugal. via Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe 3rd Worst African 'Dictator' but Most Educated: Study - ibtimes.co. fine for parking in handicap spot in ohio. . The question of what defines an educated person is not necessarily easy to answer, but it's important to try. Scholarship: UN Women HQ AFRICA YOUTH STEERING COMMITTEE, Job: Principal Registered Agent: Local Company, Job: Accounting Clerk : Pan-african Mining (PVT) Ltd, Model Lisa Khumalo Raises Zimbabwean Flag High In Poland, Job: Finance and Support Services Assistant: Sightsavers, Highlight From The Jacaranda Music Festival 2022, Top ways that tennis can improve your health, WIZKID Opens Up About Creating Hit Single ESSENCE, H.E.R. The engineering and technology sector has a deficit of 96% (Sunday Mail June 2018). Tendai Mtawarira (born 1985), professional rugby union player. Peters (1966) argues that education involves initiation into forms of objective knowledge and understanding by which we are enabled to make disinterested rational sense of the world. Heh, R52? Edward has made Lake Kariba his office since 1999. copyright innovativeteachingideas PTY LTD, Teaching Resources that Engage and Inspire. You are already subscribed to our newsletter! Scholarship: UN Women HQ AFRICA YOUTH STEERING COMMITTEE, Job: Principal Registered Agent: Local Company, Job: Accounting Clerk : Pan-african Mining (PVT) Ltd, Model Lisa Khumalo Raises Zimbabwean Flag High In Poland, Job: Finance and Support Services Assistant: Sightsavers, How to Remain Focused While Preparing for Exams, - , Air Zimbabwe Banned From Flying in EU for safety reasons, Ruvheneko Parirenyatwa Shares The Details Of Her Horror Train Crash, 10 Things You Didnt Know About Mariah Carey, MAZDA CX-7: REDEFINING THE CROSSOVER SPORT-UTILITY VEHICLE, Top 10 Businesses You Can Start in Zimbabwe with $100. } - On the bottom of the list are Zimbabwe, Eswatini, and Gabon with 84%, 83%, and 85% respectively. let them be told, a lot of people envy him. Is South Africa the most educated country in Africa? President Alassane Ouattara, IVORY COAST. That is what we believe will change the continent, and that is what we report on. He holds the Zimbabwean records for the most Test career runs, the highest Test batting average, and most ODI career runs. . Take a look at the most educated countries in the . Lake Kariba is one of the largest lakes and reservoirs in the world. All rights reserved. BA in Sports Management from Parkwood University, London (Note that this certificate is honourary, and not earned from the study), Degree in Business Administration from Devry Univesity Maimi. Between 16th and 19th centuries, Shona groups, especially the Tsonga and Nguni lived in dense settlements. President Jorge Forseca is a Cape Verdean politician, lawyer and university professor who has been President of Cape Verde since 2011. Peters (1966) alleged that the separation of training from education has led to widespread denigration of vocational skills, a failure to recognise the intellectual and economic contribution that such skills have to the human life. Love or hate Mugabe let facts be facts and. Poorly paid teachers engaged in endless strikes with many fleeing to neighbouring countries in search of better pay while children from poor families, unable to pay fees, were forced to drop out of school. What this explains is that if an individual lives in a developed country, he/she has a greater probability of getting educated at a very young age. He served as an adviser to his elder brother, ex-President Bingu Wa Mutharika who died in 2012. Wake up to the essential with the Editor's picks. Recognised as one of the Mail and Guardians Top 200 Young South Africans as well as a Primedia LeadSA Hero, Brent is a change maker, thought leader, radio host, foodie, vlogger, writer and all round good guy. Beyond the vast opportunity manifest in African markets, we highlight people who make a difference; leaders turning the tide, youth driving change, and an indefatigable business community. The report mentioned pushbacks of migrants trying , In some countries, disruptions to power supply are. All rights reserved. Our Forums are vibrant and gives everyone a chance to be heard. Historically, Africa did not have a modern education system but society was educated nonetheless. Some critics also claimed that the presence of countries like Libya (4th) and Zimbabwe (8th) in the top 10 list says a lot about Muammar Gaddafi and Robert Mugabe who were somewhat controversial figures in the continent. The Zimbabwean education system must benefit the nation and as such the curriculum must reflect on the ethos and demands of our societys needs. Sadly, history does not speak too well of his achievements in Zimbabwe after his 40-year rule. Posted in. Watch: New McDonalds Advert is Going Viral (And Raising Eyebrows)! Get full access to The Africa Report on all your devices. shauna froydenlund instagram. Of the total female population age 3-24 years, 30 percent had left school while the proportion for males was 37 percent. 2.1.1 The Challenge Antenatal survey data indicates that rates of new HIV infection among young people in Zimbabwe . On paper, he was the most qualified man on earth to assume the position of president. One thing that the situation has proven is that educational credentials alone do not make a good leader. We celebrate their works and efforts in bettering and lifting our countrys flag wherever they go. Our Universities were tailor-made to provide academic needs and requirements and as such it is logical for the academic universities to churn out graduates who are of academic nature as this resonates with the ethos of their learning experience. Zimbabwe's education system consists of 7 years of primary and 6 years of secondary schooling before students can enter university in the country or abroad. 2. Below is a table showing the top 10 countries in Africa with the most educated people in 2020. An advocate for many organizations, award winner and great artist in his own right who has remained humble in it all. Likewise, who is the most educated person in Africa? Bachelor of Arts from Fordham University, New York. In other parts of the world, the big and wealthy nations had much higher literacy rates with smaller gaps if any between the genders. Zimbabwe has a high rate of literacy and this might have been influenced by its leaders eagerness to learning and how education is perceived as the only way to a better life by Zimbabweans. He is a seasoned economist and financial expert. The Zimbabwe Council for Higher Education, ZIMCHE, was established in 2006 so as to achieve quality assurance in Zimbabwe. According to his brother, Ikpeama O Tochuckwu, Chibuike got his PhD at the young age of 24 after finishing strongly from the University of Sciences, Philadelphia. Share it in the comments or follow GoodThingsGuy on Facebook & Twitter to keep up to date with good news as it happens. He currently holds the record in China for the most number of degrees completed. Master of Laws Degree (LL.M) from Yale University. He has also completed courses like BA, BCom, BAG, BEd, and LLB. Gabon 2019 World Population Review. What is an educated man? Of course the ancient Greeks and Romans had strong feelings on the subject. 15. In rural areas English is less commonly spoken . Youth Village Zimbabwe By, President Mugabe Is The Worlds Most Educated President. The new goverment invested heavily in expanding education access to the previously marginalised African majority. It . When one enrols into college usually the aim is to get a good job and that means satisfying the academic requirements of the employer. The total population in Harare was pegged at 2,123,132 of which 1,025,596 were male and 1,097,536 female. On paper, he was the most qualified man on earth to assume the position of president. To improve learning environments, UNICEF is building upon two key innovations - the Learning Passport and GIGA - and expanding these . . And it was recently admitted by NWU, making her the youngest person to graduate with a PhD. the most educated tribe in africa. Master of Arts in International Relations from Graduate Faculty of The New School, New York. As a result, research does not generate interest from students as there are no tangible benefits for their efforts. The literacy rate for all males and females who are at least 15 years old is 86.3%. UNICEF and other development partners also intervened through the Educational Transition Fund (ETF) which helped combat problems associated with lack of books and supplies as well as the shortage of resources in general. The student graduates but is totally unfit for industry as there is no effective learning taking place but just focussing on graduating. Your email address will not be published. Robert Raffa Dr. Robert Raffa is currently professor and chair of pharmaceutical studies at Temple University, and he has never shied away from academic life. His rule over Zimbabwe came to an end in 2017 when he was forced out after being accused of human rights abuses, election rigging, . BA in Law and Political science, University of Paris, Paris, France, 1960, Diplome, Institut d'Etudes Politiques, Paris, 1961, Diplome, Institut des Hautes Etudes d'Outre-Mer, 1962, Diplome, Etudes Superieures en Droit Public, 1963. Zimbabwe gained full independence in 1980. Independent research done by the United Nations has shown Zimbabwe as being one of the most literate countries in Africa, he said. Heres our top ten list of Zimbabwes most influential figures. R.K. Rai Some people just cant get enough of being a student, and R.K. Rai is one of those people. Results from a 2012 census indicate that one in two adults have never been to school, but unlike in most parts of the continent, more females than males received formal education. Find Out Who The Person Is by Lucasbalo(m): 4:45pm On Oct 31, 2015; major466: Educated people are better leaders. President Alassane has been at Ivory Coastss helm of leadership since 2010. In some countries, the literacy rate that is, the number of people that are at least 15 years old that can read and write is very low. And now here is my secret, a very simple secret: It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye. Antoine de Saint-Exupry. Skills can only be taught by one who is skilled in that particular field and had made immense contributions to that area in terms of products or innovations not just focussing on research papers. Answer (1 of 4): Yes Of Course! More info. While he may teach health-related topics to his students, he has degrees in a much wider range of studies, totaling 19 degrees in all. Unique hard to find content on Zimbabwe. With solar panels becoming a more economically via, Most of the trusted casino sites ensure that no ch. Your email address will not be published. According to the report, most of the worlds illiterate adults live in South Asia, West Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. RT @SAMusicMag: @DacapoSA on @RealBlackCoffee Impact On His Career He Paved They Way For Me FULL INTERVIEW > holds the key to life and Zimbabwe`s very. South Sudan is another African country with a very low literacy rate of just 26.8%. However, the panelists at an Askwith Forum last week agreed that educators often don't consider that question and, when they do, the answers aren't what one might expect. He was born and raised in the US. Below is a table showing the top 10 countries in Africa with the most educated people in 2020. in law, B.L in law, MS in political science, MA in humanities, LL.M. Sc., L.L.D., D. Every survey shows that Zimbabwe produced not just the most Educated President in Africa, then Robert Mugabe but also the most Educated Africans. own President Robert Mugabe tops as the. Homosexuality remains criminalized in Kenya. The sector is a major national resource and has created a strong base of educated citizens to sustain its efforts to preserve education in the face of HIV/AIDS. It hasnt been an easy road for Baokuan. Peters (1966) insists that the educated person seeks knowledge for its sake more than as a means to some further end. She has excelled in her career whilst lifting the Zimbabwean flag high. He helped in keeping Zimbabwe on the cricket map. With an 87% literacy rate today, Zimbabwe has achieved an average annual literacy growth of 3.79%. Zimbabwe is the eighth-most educated country in Africa. The Education Act of 1979 regulated access to each type of school through a zoning system based on residency. 10 Most Educated Countries in Africa. The people of Zimbabwe have long experienced poverty, and it came to a head in the early 2000s when a state of disaster was declared due to food shortages. Demographic data, ethnic groups population and demographics from Zimbabwe. Views 537. Crime is a daily occurrence in South Africa. . We each have a purpose on this earth and it is our duty as women to fulfil our purpose. At that time he was the only person who had B.A., M.A., M. In the Zimbabwean context we see the sudden inclination by polytechnic colleges to start issued degree programs and the alienation of polytechnic college graduates as lesser intellectuals although industry has noted that it is the same polytechnic colleges that provide much of their skilled manpower.

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