bantu expansion genocide

bantu expansion genocide

I did not know this at first but another historical Reddit page took my question down because of it. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. There is this historian by the name of Simon Webb and this he said that the Bantu Expansion was a genocide of multiple people in South Africa. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. 22 January 2009. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. There are reports that during the last ten years of the Dutch East India Company's rule (1795), 2,504 "Bushmen" were killed, 669 captured and 276 colonists ( Khoikhoi) slain. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. Their settlement and development of the first powerful states in Africa is further proof of that dominance. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. fall into the classification of genocide. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. Further east, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rainforest, and by 500BC, pioneering groups had emerged into the savannas to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. The migrants settled in three primary areas. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. Zulu Warriors in full Battle Regalia Source: i.imgur.com. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. In the process, the Proto-Bantu-speaking settlers displaced or absorbed pre-existing hunter-gatherer and pastoralist groups that they encountered. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. They expanded and took the land which is exactly what they will do to Somalia soon if Somalis don't put a stop to it. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-ttbxf The young woman, whose name was Nandi, was, with ageless injustice, cast out to give birth to her illegitimate child in exile. By the end of the day the Ndwandwe force, although it still outnumbered Shaka's, was in full retreat. [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. As for (2), the chapter argues that the earliest Bantu speakers had their own archeologically visible culture, but they were not farmers. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. No its not and its a common talking point of settlers in south africa to "legitimize" their presence in south africa, im nkt a professional historian so youd best ask real historians at r/history or r/askhistorians. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. By that logic, you have to say that the Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain (Which took place in 6th century CE, about 2 centuries after the Bantu made it to what is now South Africa) was a genocide as most of the Y-DNA of the English is Anglo-Saxon not Celtic or pre-Celtic. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. Another stream of migration, having moved east by 3,000 years ago (1000BC), was creating a major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a rich environment supported a dense population. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. cit. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu -speaking group, [3] [4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. Possibly caused by population growth, or by conflict, a migration set off in two streams one East across central Africa, and the other South following the Congo river system. The first 500 years were spent moving a few hundred kilometers through the dense West Central African rainforest. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. 18091. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. Of course not. Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. The infamous Rwandan genocide was triggered by the tensions between the Hutus and Tutsis. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. In his Twitter profile he had academic historian but doesnt have a PhD. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. fall into the classification of genocide. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. The Atlantic-Congo family comprises a huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. 6 Portres, Roland, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Journal of African History, III (1962), 195210;CrossRefGoogle ScholarClark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa,Google Scholaribid. It is for chronological data concerning the second and third stages that we can now turn hopefully to archaeology. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. It is connected with complex population movements starting north of Central Africa and led to the progressive colonisation of a vast area further south. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Even then Bantus aren't native to Tanzania. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. In fact a small amount South African Bantu men have Khoisan specific Y-DNA (including Cushitic pastoralist Y-DNA which is significant among the Khoisan). This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. You do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. Archaeological evidence from the separate works of Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 & 1988) and Rigobert Tuech (2000) in the region reveals that this region has been inhabited by the same culture for 5 millennia, from 3000 B.C to date. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. Answer (1 of 3): Here we go again with the Bantu Expansion and supposed "genocide" of the Khoi-Khoi and the San of Southern Africa. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. A tell tale sign or mere speculations doesn't equate to proof. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. There are no noticeable differences between the two communities as they both use the same Bantu languages together with French, and mainly observe Christianity. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. Another stream settled in the central areas of modern Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia, initiating a complete population replacement of the native African Pygmies who previously inhabited the area. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Furthermore, both the Khoisan and Pygmies still mostly have their own specific Y-DNA haplogroups. . For a year, the Ndwandwe licked their wounds. View all Google Scholar citations [1] In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. The Bantu Migration/Expansion was a complex event thus the interactions between the Bantu and non-Bantu were also complex. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013. He introduced concepts of warfare and weaponry revolutionary in his age, and upon the death of Dingiswayo, he assumed the paramountcy of what is today known as Zululand. This monumental event has attracted significant debate and speculation that recent research has endeavored to resolve. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. By Ellen Rubin. Historical Maps, Prints, Photographs and Books, Off Green Island, Bass Strait, 1893 Framed Print, Port Jackson from Vaucluse, c1800 Framed Print, Taking back the Homeland Ethiopian Guerrillas in World War II, Doggerland: The Lost World Beneath the North Sea, Interesting Stories of the Mound-Building Native American Civilizations of the Midwest, Map of New Holland and Asiatic Isles, 1814 Framed Print, reproduce it please get in touch via this form, The Conquerors Perspective: Why Europe Has so Many Different Languages, A Continents Currency: 20 years of the Euro, The Roman dead: new techniques are revealing just how diverse Roman Britainwas, Secondary school textbooks teach our kids the myth that Aboriginal Australians were nomadic hunter-gatherers. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. [35] Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward.

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