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At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. It is During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms London: James Currey. Even in this . fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. named Luo. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. Much of that hierarchy continued Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. This cookie is set by Youtube. friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Industrial Arts. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. population. Acholi - Minority Rights Group The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. Certain rwodi and B. K. (1994). to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. [1994], p. 80). 26). "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. Death and Afterlife. More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. . This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. Apoko, Anna (1967). The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. B.A. Luo people - Wikipedia However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. Identification. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. PDF Publications | International IDEA According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. (1988). environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures "Land Tenure in Acholi." Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. identity is rather disputed. Identification. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. 2008. The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. 23 Feb. 2023
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