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hb```f``Z B,@Q u>&[ LsZ(pzu9,Ws\'$KRJe:R\?d:QQ8QD)dJxGhXHD)(,iQ ;'AJA)@2msc{B'ivcgRq vP1|; {X~`"5VM)*F DR 0000000017 00000 n Formatting Your Article 1. Reporting confidence intervals in APA style Hi all! Tables in APA Style (7th ed.) 0000012312 00000 n APA 7th Edition Style . 0000009252 00000 n Also, as noted in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) Our hypothesis that the genre difference would influence anxiety levels was rejected. There is currently no equivalent 7th edition page, but we're working on one. To write in APA style you will need to follow the APA style rules as outlined in the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Since you are reporting the results of a completed research project, write the results in the past tense. For quantitative research, include basic findings such as effect sizes and confidence intervals in your abstract (APA Table 3.1). If a name that begins with a lowercase letter begins a sentence, then it should be capitalized. It provides complete guidance for new writers on . "A title should summarize the main idea of the manuscript simply and with style. You watch as a toddler takes their first step and tumbles gently back. These include using words only for numbers less than 10 that do not represent precise statistical results, and rounding results to two decimal places, using words (e.g., "mean") in the text and symbols (e.g., " M ") in parentheses. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. As predicted, the schizophrenics (M = However, another 12 people did not complete it and out from the research, bringing the total number of participants to 208. YLrwH-?pYu Four guidelines govern how to use these punctuation marks together (or not) to handle double enclosures in an APA Style paper. Review our samples before placing an order, Get an experienced writer start working on your paper, Introduction of Your Research Participants. Page, Paragraph Number, Heading, and Time Stamp, Book with the Same Organization as Author & Publisher, Textbook Chapter with Book Editor(s) and Chapter Author(s), Report with Multiple Levels of Government, eBook from Website or Library Database, with DOI, Journal Article from Website or Library Database, with DOI, Journal Article from Library Database, no DOI, Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples, YouTube Video, Username (No Personal Author Listed), Webpage with Group or Organization as Author. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like in-text citation reference listing works cited in-text citation bibliography, reference listing works cited in-text citation bibliography reference listing, Author, A. Note that when a p-value is less than .001, we do not report p = .000. Report F ratios and t scores to two decimal places. 36 0 obj <> endobj I would show no mercy to someone who was a danger to a child. 7 0 obj /Type /Page 6 0 obj Example: (Smith & Bruce, 2018) Final Answer: \(0.248 \pm 0.045\) Since this confidence interval is estimating a percentage, it might also be written as: Final Answer: \(24.8\% \pm 4.5\%\) This would be the method probably used on the news or in any report to a general audience. How do I run a logistic regression in SPSS? Are all tables numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text? which of the following does the declaration declare. Is the table number bold and flush left? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Statology is a site that makes learning statistics easy by explaining topics in simple and straightforward ways. The first element of a reference entry in APA style, usually the surname of the first author, is arranged alphabetically on the reference page. report confidence intervals because confidence intervals combine information on location and precision and can often be directly used to infer significance levels, they are, in general, the best the 95% confidence interval around difference between the group means was relatively precise (.43 to .76). . Each confidence interval report should state the level of confidence. display of limits of a confidence interval, for example, 95% CLs [-7.2, 4.3] and [9.2, 12.4] Summary: APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. 4. /Linearized 1 587 0 obj <> endobj << Suppose a biologist wants to estimate the difference in mean weight between two different populations of turtles. >> hbbd```b``Z"Ic"Y:A$3f`v4\`J`2D:nAdDH2w@%A"@UT#30^` qWM (Recall that if X is a continuous random variable, then P (X=x)=0.) Here's how she might report the results: A . endstream endobj 588 0 obj <>/Metadata 36 0 R/Outlines 70 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 585 0 R/StructTreeRoot 91 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 589 0 obj <>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 590 0 obj <>stream 12. Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Means, Confidence Interval for the Difference in Proportions, Pandas: Use Groupby to Calculate Mean and Not Ignore NaNs. 58 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<34925CA35A4C2B42B24C0889E117FA9F><284E1AD7B715274AABA50BF0348E5D66>]/Index[36 38]/Info 35 0 R/Length 106/Prev 104934/Root 37 0 R/Size 74/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream What is logistic regression? The results chapter or section simply and objectively sums up whatever you have discovered, without explaining why these results were discovered. /S 48 (R). Designed specifically for undergraduate writing, this easy-to-use pocket guide is adapted from the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. %%EOF If these do not include zero, your indirect effect is sig @ p < .05. CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit. Copyright 2022 by The On-Campus Writing Lab& The OWL at Purdueand Purdue University. When reporting confidence intervals, we always use the following format: The following examples show how to report confidence intervals for different statistical tests in practice. Notice the plural version of the CI abbreviation: Point estimates and confidence intervals tell us more than any power calculation about the range of . Welcome to your step-by-step guide on how to cite a report in APA 7, complete with citation structures and examples for in-text citations and full references. %PDF-1.5 % Are all tables called out or referred to in the text? The APA manual provides rigorous guidelines for what to report in quantitative research papers in the fields of psychology, education, and other social sciences. Note for Purdue Students: Schedule a consultation at the on-campus writing lab to get more in-depth writing help from one of our tutors. 95% CI, 4.5 to 6.5) indicates a more precise estimate of the same effect size than a wider CI with the same effect size (e.g. How to Write Results Chapter APA 7th Edition? When reporting statistics, use these formatting rules and suggestions from APA where relevant. A formal study has revealed that the difference in average weights between the two populations of turtles is 10 pounds, 90% CI [-3.07, 23.07]. You do not need to repeat confidence intervals in the same paragraph or in a series when the meaning is clear and the confidence interval has not changed. The samples show the following options: Use these links to go directly to the sample tables: These sample tables are also available as a downloadable Word file (DOCX, 37KB). Plus (+) and minus (-) signs are also used in probability notes to show confidence intervals. Results of Curve-Fitting Analysis Examining the Time Course of Fixations to the Target. APA style includes several rules for presenting numerical results in the text. /N 1 0000007134 00000 n Another important consideration is the integrity of the dataset. Most studies report the 95% confidence interval (95%CI). odds ratio reported with confidence intervals is always a standard way and more accepted way of reporting Cite 3 Recommendations 20th Apr, 2018 Evan Keys University Health Network In APA, an. /Prev 25111 I would hurt anyone who was a threat to a child. Data may be rendered invalid due to instrument/tool failure, improper storage, unforeseen events, ineligibility of participants and other factors. Use round brackets. luSi[Jt^+D{w :Dx Whereas previous editions failed to provide details of how to report a CI, the sixth edition specifies a reporting format. endobj zYKf?W,egEz=K:|` { Confidence interval for the difference in a continuous outcome (d) with two matched or paired samples. << Confidence intervals are used because a study recruits only a small sample of the overall population so by having an upper and lower confidence limit we can infer that the true population effect lies between these two points. 0000008614 00000 n x[Ko6KHXmb@- There are two components in the APA referencing style: in-text citations and their corresponding reference list entries. 25. The following tutorials explain how to calculate different confidence intervals in practice: Confidence Interval for a Mean Basically, the significant Hotelling's T-square result is achieved through the contributions from all of the variables. What Qualifies as a Table or a Figure in APA Style? "Grace has a bachelor's and a master's degree from Loughborough University, so she's an expert at writing a flawless essay. If n > 30, use and use the z-table for standard normal distribution. Try to draw figures yourself, and if you do use figures from different sources, you should cite them regardless of the modifications you've made. /Length 128 The content and format of each of these sections is covered in the Publication Manual on pp. You will note that significance levels in journal articles--especially in tables--are often reported as either "p > .05," "p < .05," "p < .01," or "p < .001." Who Owns The Manchester Ship Canal?, Thus, 1 SD includes a range of starting salaries from 73% (i.e., 1.00 - 0.27) to 127% (i.e., 1.00 + 0.27) of the average starting salaries for all managers. Are all other column headings and cell entries centered? << 12. NOTE: In APA 7th edition, the Running head is no longer required for student papers. In this blog, I will walk you through recognizing components of an APA-style statistical report so that you will feel more confident reading, interpreting, and writing statistical reports. This gives the reader information about the precision of your estimate. I would feel compelled to punish anyone who tried to harm a child. /Names << /Dests 2 0 R>> 0000021668 00000 n **p < .01. Instructors could provide this to students and have confidence that all of the key elements were covered. . Chapter 2 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is dedicated to paper elements and format, including: paper sections (e.g. startxref << endstream endobj startxref The following checklist may be helpful in ensuring that your table communicates most effectively and conforms to APA Style and formatting conventions: The information above is adapted from page 207: APA Style Guide: 7th Edition General Information & Checklist General Information Checklist A table must: contain columns and rows be directly and clearly related to the content of the document present information that can't be conveyed through textual description alone be numbered clearly at the top left, starting with Table 1 How to Easily Find Outliers in Google Sheets, How to Handle: glm.fit: fitted probabilities numerically 0 or 1 occurred. APA suggests using two spaces after periods to aid readability, but this is not required. 8. There was a negative correlation between the two variables, r (33) = -.37, p = .029. Before moving on to secondary research questions and exploratory or subgroup analyses, address the primary research questions first when providing statistical data. How Did Prussian Carp Get Into Alberta, Regression (i.e., lm) result objects. The materials collected here do not express the views of, or positions held by, Purdue University. How Does Earthworm Reproduce Brainly, If the confidence interval is . c Values reflect the average across 3 years of data. 0000004139 00000 n on page 117, every report of a confidence interval must clearly state the level of confidence. | Headings and the Use of Boldface Type . )guide to effect sizes Recommend inclusion for "readers to appreciate the magnitude or importance" (APA 2020 p. 89) Statistical estimate and should include confidence intervals General Principal " provide the readers with enough information to assess the Note. 0 Posted by Timothy McAdoo at 09:00:00 AM 0000003183 00000 n mean, Do not repeat descriptive statistics in the text if theyre represented in a table or figure. Interpretation depends on the research question. The APA suggest " p value" The p is lowercase and italicized, and there is no hyphen between "p" and "value". Click the File menu and choose Close Style. ][zp@s:tVInzX-zadiiBWgp:(1(&&E'9=c\^ TdT4:J,vsH=I" g$y$^_w/#)^xY$N%O?Ap,!\$xEqHSa KSQlPUq*zGJE~d_Y6+2[O:yJ{D~% hb```e``eah`p0s 6\fk> y %(&H,4e\%N%?V7(zC?VNbBbur Here is an additional resource/handout that summarizes APA Style References as well. The first step of the results chapter is to introduce the participants in your study. Confidence Intervals CIs are strongly recommended: "It is almost always necessary to include some measure of effect size. hb``a``T a decrease in the number of participants at any stage of a study must be reported. When reporting confidence intervals, the format: "95% CI [Lower limit, Upper limit]" should be used. Odds ratio and confidence interval. Some Examples using APA Format to Report Results . Introduction to Statistics is our premier online video course that teaches you all of the topics covered in introductory statistics. What's New. A table is the most effective form of presentation for a large set of numbers. If you are reporting a list of statistics within parentheses, you do not need to use brackets within the parentheses. Publisher - include if different to author . For more on Logistic Regression. I cant stand how children whine all the time (R), 2. Whenever possible, provide a confidence interval for each effect size" (p. 34). Build your reference in three steps. Are confidence intervals reported for all major point estimates? It is a good idea to support your p-values with confidence intervals, corresponding to your significance level. Dependent t-test The differences between the brothers' and sisters' parenting style ratings were analyzed with a matched-pairs t test. The Publication Manual (6th ed.) Have an expert academic write your Essay! The meaning of effect size varies by context, but the standard interpretation offered by Cohen (1988) is: .8 = large (8/10 of a standard deviation unit) .5 = moderate (1/2 of a standard deviation) .2 = small (1/5 of a standard deviation) >> Inadequate research reporting is damaging to science in that it inadvertently perpetuates misconceptions. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) Group 1 has an outcome of 10%, CI +/- 2.6% and group 2 has an outcome of 20% +/- 3.5%. CITE THIS HANDOUT: American Psychological Association. 1. Reporting a Paired Sample t-test Note - that the reporting format shown in this learning module is for APA. Concise Guide to APA Style, Seventh Edition is the official APA Style resource for students. Please use a different browser, like Firefox, Chrome, or Safari Citation Generator APA Citation Generator MLA Citation Generator 0000009578 00000 n 0000012121 00000 n APA Dictionary of Psychology confidence interval (CI) a range of values for a population parameter that is estimated from a sample with a preset, fixed probability (known as the confidence level) that the range will contain the true value of the parameter. This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. Y yHnu We>bMm`sag+3TX-;z4Z[_O.2>&oZ&Ta[U4 A general rule of thumb in an APA statistics report is to use words for writing numbers up to 10. 3. ~0 s] 0000004481 00000 n Incorrect: r (55)=.49,p<.001. . /ID [<28bf4e5e4e758a4164004e56fffa0108><28bf4e5e4e758a4164004e56fffa0108>] Use notes like Figure 1, Graph 2, etc. When it comes to reporting it you will want to include the F value and the . 3. Here is how to report Pearson's r in APA format: A Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to assess the linear relationship between hours spent running and body fat percentage. %PDF-1.6 % Are entries in the left column flush left beneath the centered heading? endstream endobj 592 0 obj <>stream You make a baby laugh over and over again by making silly faces. The use of standard formats helps readers know where to look for information. Copyright 1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. [G *-h^^Rfe^})Q3@L6eoEfbA' rEtBqcz U>|wh5@/ } j6w2 For example: Correct: r (55) = .49, p < .001. 0000011190 00000 n If one value in the CI range is negative, then "to" should be used rather than a hyphen. Report exact p values to two or three decimals (e.g., p = .006, p = .03). American Psychological Association. 0000006335 00000 n In general, APA advises using words for numbers under 10 and numerals for 10 and greater. Um, and it does start to raise the question about what the terms mean and whether any term can adequately be descriptive. (Bill, age 50), Integrated Results Matrix for the Effect of Topic Familiarity on Reliance on Author Expertise. If the results of statistical significance testing are included in the table, are all. Mean parameter values for each of the analyses are shown for the 9-year-olds (n = 24) and 16-year-olds (n = 18), as well as the results of t tests (assuming unequal variance) comparing the parameter estimates between the two ages. APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. edition states "complete reporting of estimates of appropriate effect sizes and confidence intervals are the minimum expectations for all APA journals" (APA, 2009, p. 33). endobj Example 1: Confidence Interval for a Mean. The first way is to cite the alpha value, as in the second of the single sample t-test examples above. Note. You should always use numerals for: Exact numbers before units of measurement or time Mathematical equations Percentages and percentiles stream For example, let's suppose a particular treatment reduced risk of death compared to placebo with an odds ratio of 0.5, and a 95% CI of 0.2 to . p = .003), report to three decimal places; only report to four decimal places if the first three Because a confidence interval represents a range from a continuous probability distribution, the area under the curve encompassed by the interval is theoretically equal whether or not you include the interval boundaries. Purdue OWL is a registered trademark. The remaining 220 participants were asked to complete an online survey about the study in exchange for research hours. 625 0 obj <>stream The girls' (M = 8.17, SD = 6.18) average rating was slightly more Statistical analysis involves gathering and testing quantitative data to make inferences about the world. However, there is no need to spell out time or percentiles. Here is a link to our APA 7 "General Format" page. Use these standards to answer your research questions and report your data analyses in a complete and transparent way. Odds ratio and confidence interval. You will note that significance levels in journal articles--especially in tables--are often reported as either "p > .05," "p <.05," "p < .01," or "p < .001." APA style dictates reporting the exact p value within the text of a It is also recommended to consult the latest APA manual to compare what is described in this learning module with the most updated formats for APA. Three to five keywords . Reporting confidence intervals (CIs) for effect sizes is the current "best practice" in social science research (Cumming & Fidler, 2009; Kline, 2004; Steiger . Then the correlation coefficient is reported, followed by the p-value. Typically, one for each block in the regression. Example: 55 (20 %) of the 275 people who participated in the first screening survey were rejected because they did not meet the requirements of the study. !w\TIfm|Ja`)B@&H= _E2 II\S"Dg-rX;L;m2A32(p` l.EJ&1yW'7ff $E;D!+*WY@GnZ8o1Pa=a"yK^zymK5lEPI#1yM-tQ{ D# Z"} =q proved to be statistically significant (, 89% CIs [3.45, 2.7], [-6.0, 3.89], and [-7.23, 1.89], Writing Letters of Recommendation for Students, APA Formatting and Style Guide (6th Edition), Reference List: Electronic Sources (Web Publications), Here is a link to our APA 7 "General Format" page, Do not give references for statistics unless the statistic is uncommon, used unconventionally, or is the focus of the article. 0000000776 00000 n Are the notes in thefollowing order: general note, specific note, probability note? /H [ 744 199 ] The following examples illustrate how to report statistics in the text of a research report. This resource, revised according to the 6 th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For example, here's how to calculate the odds ratio for each predictor variable: We should also calculate the 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio of each predictor variable using . (publication date). Also, as noted in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) Example: The data taken from 10 study participants was marked invalid because they answered the questions incorrectly. In both of the above examples, the number following r in parentheses corresponds to the degrees of freedom (df), which is directly tied to the sample size. They indicate what the individual parts are about and enable easy navigation in the document. endstream endobj startxref G_TK!v__9$D'lD^z|2gogkpO=f~y(Xu; a\\OJgqzyqqy,xnJyi17ak7DwR.0/W9CI]9K=CH>i8A%I[ n4f;Oc~ljOX,6V49e3 One-Sample T-Test Example A school director thinks his students perform poorly due to low IQ scores. /O 8 For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing). When the topic was more familiar (climate change) and cards were more relevant, participants placed less value on author expertise. Example: Reporting effect size and confidence interval Moderate caffeine had a large effect on computer task accuracy, Cohen's d = 1.3, 95% CI [0.94, 1.66]. When reporting confidence intervals, the format: "95% CI [Lower limit, Upper limit]" should be used. The following examples illustrate how to report statistics in the text of a research report. 0000000943 00000 n I would sooner go to bed hungry than let a child go without food. In this case, the estimate is of the difference between the means of the two groups: 3.12. HTOs0)f4&BRc)Q=o/. 0000003254 00000 n ORs should alwaysbe presented with CIs. . and the Concise Guide to APA Style (7th ed.). ), margins, font, line spacing, headings/sections, etc.What is presented here is a brief overview on some of these topics based on the rules found in the manual. When an assertion was considered to be less familiar and not general knowledge, participants perceived more need to rely on author expertise. When it comes to mentioning data above 10, you should use regular numbers (15, 73). /CropBox [0 0 612 792] Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants at Baseline. H\@=OQEn$dy ! .|1=@q?NBvwf'wvml;Sg]3=\Y)wUiu{9,6q{?|?-jxL7R_stetIk]>DWKbKCO1rG7]YU",++r\"o7[-;;sT. Whenever possible, provide a confidence interval for each effect size" (p. 34). Confidence Intervals. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. 7. %PDF-1.4 73 0 obj <>stream ORs should alwaysbe presented with CIs. Association (7th Edition) are included where appropriate. Confidence Intervals. \Q endstream An independent samples t test was performed comparing the mean consistency scores of college students and individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. This is a common way to actually present your confidence interval. The APA 6 style manual states (p. 117): " When reporting confidence intervals, use the format 95% CI [LL, UL] where LL is the lower limit of the . This could be improved by running more subjects. A narrower interval spanning a range of two units (e.g. Today, we highlight an exception to this guideline. Even if the results do not support your theory, do not omit them. APA Style recommends that confidence intervals be reported with brackets around the upper and lower limits: 95% . I would use any means necessary to protect a child, even if I had to. Descriptive statistics describe your data. 3. Include 0 before the decimal point. A table must: contain columns and rows be directly and clearly related to the content of the document present information that can't be conveyed through textual description alone be numbered clearly at the top left, starting with Table 1 include a brief but clear title one double-spaced line below the table number not contain vertical lines The second way, very much the preferred way in the age of computer aided calculations (and the way recommended by the APA), is to report the exact p value (as in our first 95% CI, 3.5 to 7.5). The 95% confidence interval around the difference was also imprecise, ranging from -.29 to 12.17 percentage points. Include 0 before the decimal point. 0000002526 00000 n >> << hbbd```b``.SddL`J0 &HG`2,f# 8,^"57Df vARH We ask that all authors consult the APA manual for complete information and to review their manuscript prior to uploading for submission to see that it accords with APA style. A child blows you kisses to say goodbye. hWYoH+8(}x5B$Ar`&(M1v2_U6BYM> #"4tpWD(DzC"rK^Hx`n# Vt$Y&w Z=brx5asJ! In qualitative research, results and conversation are sometimes integrated. endobj I am trying to figure out the best way to report some statistics following the APA style guide and wondered if I could ask 2 questions. as well as published articles in your field. It is a good idea to support your p-values with confidence intervals, corresponding to your significance level. Second, for clarity, APA Style recommends that confidence intervals be reported with brackets around the upper and lower limits (as outlined on page 117): In the context of a sentence this might look like the following: Also, as noted in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) /Type /Catalog Which of the following items is NOT a manuscript element listed in the Manuscript Structure and Content portion of the APA Publication Manual? << In quantitative research, however, it is important to separate the objective data from your perception of the data. One is how confident you wish to be that the true percentage in the population is within the interval. It contains health statistical measures for the county, which are accompanied by confidence intervals for the county measures, measures for the state and comparisons of whether the measures for the county are significantly different from the measures for the state.Of primary school (K-12) students in Erie County during the 2019-20 school year . In this blog, I will walk you through recognizing components of an APA-style statistical report so that you will feel more confident reading, interpreting, and writing statistical reports. /Font << /F11 10 0 R /F15 14 0 R /F19 18 0 R >> p = .34); if the first digit is a zero (e.g. What is an example of logistic regression research questions with significant results? Confidence intervals should be reported: 90% CI [LL, UL], with LL as the lower limit and UL as the upper limit of the interval. There are two cases when brackets are the preferred choice in APA Style. Table of contents What goes in your results section? xref But since they are estimates, it's recommended that you also provide confidence intervals of effect sizes. Confidence Intervals for Means APA Style Reporting A one-sample t-test evaluates if a population mean is likely to be x: some hypothesized value. Required fields are marked *. /Length 1717 2. For example, t (10) = 2.16. 8 0 obj a Reflects the number and percentage of participants answering yes to this question. Report results This test was found to be statistically significant, t(15) = -3.07, p < .05 - If non-significant say "was found to be statistically non-significant" or "did not reach statistical significance." - NOTE: the t statistic is italicized. 1. WO/cl=1i%8! For more sample tables, see the Publication Manual (7th ed.) She measures the weight of a random sample of 25 turtles and finds the sample mean weight to be 300 pounds with a 95% confidence interval of [292.75 pounds, 307.25 pounds]. Listed below are links to weblogs that reference Formatting Statistics: Using Brackets: https://www.typepad.com/services/trackback/6a01157041f4e3970b0133f0cb508c970b, Formatting Statistics: Using Parentheses, Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS), Archiving the Sixth Edition APA Style Blog, Introducing the 7th Edition of the Publication Manual. The crossover point is the point in time the function crosses the midway point between peak and baseline. She collects data for both populations of turtles and finds the mean difference to be 10 pounds with a 90% confidence interval of [-3.07 pounds, 23.07 pounds]. Adapted from Individual Differences in Activation of the Parental Care Motivational System: Assessment, Prediction, and Implications, by E. E. Buckels, A. T. Beall, M. K. Hofer, E. Y. Lin, Z. Zhou, and M. Schaller, 2015, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(3), p. 501 (https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000023).