public broadcasting in the united states quizlet

public broadcasting in the united states quizlet

Broadcast licenses generally expire on a staggered basis, by state, with most radio licenses expiring between October 1, 2019, and August 1, 2022, and most television licenses expiring between October 1, 2020, and August 1, 2023, one year after the radio licenses in the same state. There are three applications of this separation principle: 1) bumpers between program and advertising content (e.g., and now for a commercial break); 2) the host selling policy, which prohibits the use of program talent to deliver commercials; and 3) program-length commercials (PLC), which the Commission defines as a program associated with a product in which commercials for that product are aired (when a PLC occurs, then the entire program is considered a commercial). Information about how to activate the secondary audio is available from the customer service department of the TV manufacturer or from your subscription TV provider. To do this, each non-exempt station licensee must identify the needs and problems and then specifically treat these local matters in the news, public affairs, political and other programming that it airs. In international affairs, conservation has come to mean support for military intervention and the maintenance of American military power. Indecent and profane content are prohibited on broadcast TV and radio between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m., when there is a reasonable risk that children may be in the audience. The FCC has five Commissioners, each of whom is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/how-comment, https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/digital-radio, https://www.fcc.gov/media/television/broadcast-television-license-renewal for television, https:www.fcc.gov/media/radio/broadcast-radio-license-renewal, https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/filing-informal-complaint, https://www.fcc.gov/proceedings-actions/daily-digest, https://www.fcc.gov/media/policy/political-programming, https://consumercomplaints.fcc.gov/hc/en-us. The First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech similarly protects programming that stereotypes or may otherwise offend people with regard to their religion, race, national background, gender, or other characteristics. Lotteries Read our research on: Congress | Economy | Gender, Hundreds of local and regional radio and television stations comprise the U.S. public media system. To assist us in this evaluative process, a station licensee must file a renewal application (FCC Form 303-S), to tell us whether: Digital Television. Renewal Applications Submission of an audio or video tape, CD, DVD or other recording or transcript of the complained-of material is not required but is helpful, as is the specific name of the program, the on-air personality, song, or film, and the city and state in which the complainant saw or heard the broadcast. The term public opinion is used to describe. About _______ percent of southern white families owned slaves in 1840. Please note that a complaint submitted through the File a Consumer Complaint link on the FCCs website will NOT be treated as a petition to deny or informal objection against a stations license renewal application. Additional information on the IP closed captioning requirements can be found on the FCCs website, https://www.fcc.gov/general/closed-captioning-video-programming-delivered-using-internet-protocol-ip. This assistance entails providing specific details about proper corrective measures to resolve the blanketing interference. Viewing the Public Inspection File. For additional information about the political rules, see https://www.fcc.gov/media/policy/political-programming. Each commercial television licensee is required to prepare a Childrens Television Programming Report (FCC Form 2100-H) identifying its Core Programming. Which of the following stories would an American news outlet that relies primarily on advertising revenue be LEAST likely to cover? The V-Chip and TV Program Ratings public broadcasting refers to television, radio, and digital media that receive funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars public broadcasting in the US plays a very ___ role in the media system small -only 2% of market share in US -35% in France -40% in Germany -65% in Denmark examples of public broadcasting in US LPTV and LPFM stations do not have a public inspection file but are required to maintain a political file. In addition to adopting rules, we establish broadcast regulatory policies through the individual cases that we decide, such as those involving license renewals, station sales, and complaints about violations of Commission rules. The file must also include the reconciliation of the deal such as a description of when advertising actually aired, advertising preempted, and the timing of any make-goods of preempted time, as well as credits or rebates given to the advertiser. [16] Since the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Pacifica has sometimes received CPB support. there is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives accepting immigration and social conservatives strongly opposing immigration to the United States. The station conducting the contest must disclose material terms either through periodic disclosures broadcast on the station, or written disclosures on the stations Internet website, the licensees website, or if neither the individual station nor the licensee has its own website, any Internet website that is publicly accessible. Many types of contests, depending on their particulars, also are covered under this definition. As mentioned above, the Commissions rules implementing the CTAs limits on commercial matter in childrens programming require commercial TV broadcasters to limit the amount of commercial matter in childrens programs to no more than 10.5 minutes/hour on weekends and 12 minutes/hour on weekdays. Public Participation in the Licensing Process Before we can renew a stations license, we must first determine whether, during the preceding license term, the licensee has served the public interest, has not committed any serious violations of the Communications Act or the FCCs rules, and has not committed other violations which, taken together, would constitute a pattern of abuse. Access to Emergency Information. With the exception of a few secondary or tertiary stations in certain major and mid-sized cities that rely entirely on syndicated content from American Public Television and other distributors, the vast majority of public television stations in the U.S. are member outlets of PBS. Equal Opportunities If an NCE asks for carriage, then a copy of the request must be kept in the public file for the duration of time the request covers. Obscene, Indecent, or Profane Programming. The legislation established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), a private entity that is charged with facilitating programming diversity among public broadcasters, the development and expansion of non-commercial broadcasting, and providing funding to local stations to help them create programs; the CPB receives funding earmarked by the federal government as well as through public and private donations. Our procedural rules can be found in Title 47 CFR, Part 1. The Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, is an independent agency that regulates the broadcast industry in the United States; it does not own or control the communication networks of broadcast media, but it does regulate the content and ownership of the media. Facts of the case. We give full consideration to the broadcast complaints, comments, and other inquiries that the Commission receives. For the reasons noted previously, the Commission generally will not intervene in these cases because it would be inconsistent with the First Amendment to replace the journalistic judgment of licensees with our own. However, the advertising of smoking accessories, cigars, pipes, pipe tobacco, or cigarette-making machines is not prohibited. Closed captioning is also required for video programming delivered via Internet Protocol (IP) that is published or exhibited on television with captions. Program owners must send program files to distributors and providers with all required captions and use an agreed upon mechanism to inform the distributors and providers of the programming that is subject to the requirements. Acceptable enhanced underwriting acknowledgements of for-profit donors or underwriters may include: (1) logograms and slogans that identify but do not promote; (2) location information; (3) value-neutral descriptions of a product line or service; and (4) brand names, trade names, and product service listings. However, the courts have upheld Congress' prohibition of the broadcast of indecent material during times of the day when there is a reasonable risk that children may be in the audience, which the Commission has determined to be between the hours of 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. Indecent programming is defined as language or material that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or excretory organs or activities. Broadcasts that fall within this definition and are aired between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. may be subject to enforcement action by the FCC. Broadcasters are required to upload only those items required to be in the public file but not otherwise filed with the Commission or available in a Commission database. Sponsorship Identification Joint Sales Agreements We also do not review anyones qualifications to gather, edit, announce, or comment on the news. Conservatives are more likely than liberals to support. On the television side, NewsHour derives its revenue from a variety of sources, including PBS, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) and a mix of nonpublic streams such as corporations, individual giving and foundations. Renewal applications are due on a staggered basis depending upon the state in which the station is licensed. Although, for the reasons discussed earlier, the Commission is generally prohibited from regulating broadcast content, the courts have held that the FCCs regulation of obscene and indecent programming is constitutional because of societys interest in protecting children from potentially harmful programming and supporting parents ability to determine the programming their children will be exposed to at home. The Food and Drug Administration has primary responsibility for the safety of food and drug products. The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) established the "separate but equal" rule. Efficient markets limit competition. We expect that complainants will cooperate with the licensees reasonable efforts to remedy the interference problem. These requirements also apply to video clips that a video programming provider or distributor posts on its website or application, if the provider or distributor showed the video clip on television with captions. Records Concerning Children's Programming Commercial Limits Before broadcasting a telephone conversation live or recording a telephone conversation for later broadcast, a station must inform any party to the call of its intention to broadcast the conversation. The broadcast must cause direct and actual damage to property or to the health or safety of the general public, or diversion of law enforcement or other public health and safety authorities from their duties, and the public harm must begin immediately. The public file is an excellent resource to gauge a stations performance of its obligations as a Commission licensee. False or Misleading Advertising. From 1948 to 2013, foreign-targeted broadcasts, many of which were intended as propaganda, were barred from U.S. audiences because of the SmithMundt Act, a restriction that has since been lifted. Offensive Advertising. D. All securities in an efficient market are zero net present value investments. Comments/Complaints to the FCC. Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries; the . Login . Relying upon the reasoning in that decision, the FCC and the United States Department of Justice later concluded that the lottery advertising prohibition may not constitutionally be applied to the broadcast of any truthful advertisements for lawful casino gambling, whether or not the state in which the broadcasting station is located permits casino gambling. A. PRX was down 10%, falling to about $37.6 million in total revenue for 2020. During American radio's Golden Age, much of the programming heard by listeners was controlled by advertising agencies . Use of high gain antennas or antenna booster amplifiers; Mobile receivers, including but not limited to car radios, portable stereos or cellular phones; Non-radio frequency (RF) devices, including but not limited to, tape recorders, CD players, MP3 players or land-line telephones; and. B. You can find links to our rules on the Commission website at https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/technologies-systems-and-innovation-division/rules-regulations-title-47. Of particular concern would be evidence of the direction to employees from station management to falsify the news. How the FCC Adopts Rules. For example, casino gambling is generally considered to be a lottery subject to the terms of the advertising restriction although, as discussed below, the prohibition is not applied to truthful advertisements for lawful casino gambling. Underwriting Announcements on Noncommercial Educational Stations. The financial picture for news outlets in public broadcasting appeared strong both locally and nationally. You can also participate in the application process by filing a petition to deny when someone applies for a new station, when a station is being sold (technically called an assignment of the licensee), when its licensee is undergoing a major transfer of stock or other ownership or control (technically called a transfer of control), or the station proposes major facility changes. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. If you believe you are receiving blanketing or any other type of interference to broadcast reception, we encourage you to first communicate directly, in writing, with the licensee of the station that you believe is causing the interference. Distributors and providers must enable the rendering or pass through of all required captions to the end user. Commercial stations usually support themselves through the sale of advertising. Lotteries conducted by a state acting under the authority of state law, when the advertisement or information is broadcast by a radio or TV station licensed to a location in that state or in any other state that conducts such a lottery; Gambling conducted by an Indian Tribe under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act; Lotteries authorized or not otherwise prohibited by the state in which they are conducted, and that are conducted by a not-for-profit organization or a governmental organization; and. A station that broadcasts or advertises information about a contest that it conducts must fully and accurately disclose the material terms of the contest and must conduct the contest substantially as announced or advertised over-the-air or on the Internet. In recognition of the vital role that broadcasting plays in the electoral process, the Communications Act and the Commissions rules impose specific obligations on broadcasters regarding political advertising. Before a party can build a new TV or radio station, it first must apply to the FCC for a construction permit. In 2016, the Commission continued its modernization effort by requiring that broadcast radio licensees also post their public file documents to the FCC-hosted online public file. Low power television and television translator stations were required to complete their transition to digital by July 31, 2021. Most communities also have public-access television channels on local cable television systems, which are generally paid for by cable television franchise fees and sometimes supported in part through citizen donations. Information on Third-Party Fundraising by NCE stations Comments or Complaints About a Station The applicant must demonstrate that it is qualified to construct and operate the station as specified in its application and that its proposed facility will not cause objectionable interference to any other station. a test used by the Supreme Court that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional. Digital Radio. The emergency information may be closed captioned or presented through an alternative method of visual presentation.

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