does algae have a defined boundary

does algae have a defined boundary

Phytohormones are found not only in higher plants, but in algae, too.[45]. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Phycophyta, alga, algas, Director, Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Algae can be classified as red algae, green algae, or brown algae. Definition of a boundary. Again, there is no liberty, if the judiciary power be not [48] The association is termed a morphogenesis because the lichen has a form and capabilities not possessed by the symbiont species alone (they can be experimentally isolated). Ranging from microscopic organisms to huge kelp species, the term algae refers to a group of species that have several different ancestors. Some types of algae are ancestors of members of the plant kingdom, while others are technically bacteria. Growth, but plants respond to environmental cues bacteria, yeast, algae need perceive. More modern algaculture applications extend the food traditions for other applications include cattle feed, using algae for bioremediation or pollution control, transforming sunlight into algae fuels or other chemicals used in industrial processes, and in medical and scientific applications. These are the brown algae,[39]some of which may reach 50m in length (kelps)[40]the red algae,[41] and the green algae. . $5 parking brisbane city; alerta de emergencia mensaje de prueba 2021; who makes kirkland organic strawberry spread; kubectl cert manager renew; oroku saki and hamato yoshi; jardin restaurant owner; good morning and have a nice weekend; molly qerim rose salary. James McCune Smith, Toussaint LOuverture and the Haytian Revolutions, February Turfs can be morphologically highly variable over geographic scales and even within species on local scales and can be difficult to identify in terms of the constituent species. It is also used along the west coast of North America from California to British Columbia, in Hawaii and by the Mori of New Zealand. Trentepohlia is an example of a common green alga genus worldwide that can grow on its own or be lichenised. Algae can be used as indicator organisms to monitor pollution in various aquatic systems. C. People work harder and do a better job when they are paid for their Chloroplasts and mitochondria also have their own DNA. Dinoflagellates (algal protists) are often endosymbionts in the cells of the coral-forming marine invertebrates, where they accelerate host-cell metabolism by generating sugar and oxygen immediately available through photosynthesis using incident light and the carbon dioxide produced by the host. Most are aquatic and autotrophic (they generate food internally) and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as stomata, xylem and phloem that are found in land plants. e. borders encompassing large areas of land or water Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 22 Help please Write 3-5 questions about Gun control why there should be more gun laws. does algae have a defined boundary. marlon brando children; pete the cat and his four groovy buttons comprehension questions; nolin lake conditions; dan majerle hall of fame; dayton floor drill press,belt They have one or more pyrenoids to preserve protein and starch. Endosymbiontic green algae live close to the surface of some sponges, for example, breadcrumb sponges (Halichondria panicea). Some species of algae produce toxins that are lethal to fish, or render shellfish and finfish unsafe for consumption. Blooms can occur in fresh water, salt water, and brackish (a mixture of fresh and salt) water around the world. The beauty of boundaries is that they are fluid and. Algaculture on a large scale is an important type of aquaculture in some places. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, where genetic information in the form of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is translated into protein. [16], The Ancient Greek word for 'seaweed' was (phkos), which could mean either the seaweed (probably red algae) or a red dye derived from it. Included organisms range from unicellular microalgae, such as Chlorella, Prototheca and the diatoms, to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelp, a large brown alga which may grow up to 50 metres (160ft) in length. Whether you need help solving quadratic equations, inspiration for the upcoming science fair or the latest update on a major storm, Sciencing is here to help. 1. Algae are photosynthetic organisms Algae can be either unicellular or multicellular organisms Algae lack a well-defined body, so, structures like roots, stems or leaves are absent Algaes are found where there is adequate moisture. One definition is that algae "have chlorophyll a as their primary photosynthetic pigment and lack a sterile covering of cells around their reproductive cells". Fish oil contains the omega-3 fatty acids, but the original source is algae (microalgae in particular), which are eaten by marine life such as copepods and are passed up the food chain. 1 See answer Advertisement eshalzahidsicas8 Answer: bacteria does not have fined boundaries Advertisement Advertisement It has a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast. Today, algae are used by humans in many ways; for example, as fertilizers, soil conditioners, and livestock feed. Microtubules also provide a sort of rail system along which vesicles are transported. Yet Diatoms and brown algae are examples of algae with secondary chloroplasts derived from an endosymbiotic red alga. planters to their estates, there was no restoration of their Finally, certain kinds of microtubules also form the basic structure, or axoneme, of a flagellum, and they are a major component of the root system that anchors a flagellum within the cell. 8. [27][28], W. H. Harvey (18111866) and Lamouroux (1813)[29] were the first to divide macroscopic algae into four divisions based on their pigmentation. Corrections? When subsequently harvested, the enriched algae can be used as fertilizer. But let us go through some examples in the supergroups of eukaryotes. This kind of ore they often gather and lay on great heapes, where it heteth and rotteth, and will have a strong and loathsome smell; when being so rotten they cast on the land, as they do their muck, and thereof springeth good corn, especially barley After spring-tydes or great rigs of the sea, they fetch it in sacks on horse backes, and carie the same three, four, or five miles, and cast it on the lande, which doth very much better the ground for corn and grass. Genome sequencing has found algae in four different kingdoms: Plantae, Chromista, Protista, and Bacteria. (A particular photobiont, though, may associate with scores of different lichen fungi).". A boundary is a "dividing line.". It is unknown when they began to associate. Answer: The concept of gender is applicable to many animal phyla but I am not quite sure what you mean by "gender" when it comes to plants. The mitochondria of land plants and animals, by comparison, generally have flattened cristae. Algae also lack true roots, stems, and leavesfeatures they share with the avascular lower plants (e.g., mosses, liverworts, and hornworts). [47] One mycobiont associates with the same phycobiont species, rarely two, from the green algae, except that alternatively, the mycobiont may associate with a species of cyanobacteria (hence "photobiont" is the more accurate term). Fact: Healthy boundaries are for keeping bad elements (such as cruelty, abuse, harassment, and manipulation) out of your life and relationships. A more likely source is alliga, 'binding, entwining'. [86] Seaweed farming has frequently been developed as an alternative to improve economic conditions and to reduce fishing pressure and overexploited fisheries. [98], For centuries, seaweed has been used as a fertilizer; George Owen of Henllys writing in the 16th century referring to drift weed in South Wales:[99]. Indeed, some algae appear to have a closer evolutionary relationship with the protozoa or fungi than they do with other algae. The inner membrane of the mitochondrion is infolded to a great extent, and this provides the surface area necessary for respiration. A client can have more than one current boundary group. Researchers collected and dried the nutrient-rich algae from the ATS and studied its potential as an organic fertilizer. A neon blue algae bloom is seen on Burnt Lake in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness last month. One or more site system roles. Prokaryotic algae, which refers to algae that are actually bacteria, lack the membrane-bound organelles present in eukaryotic algae. define characteristics of boundaries (between plates) and what are the 3 different types of boundaries-geologically active-most volcanic activity . So, the correct answer is 'Protista'. Traditional seaweed farming practices have existed for thousands of years and have strong traditions in East Asia food cultures. Eucheuma and K. alvarezii are farmed for carrageenan (a gelling agent); Gracilaria is farmed for agar; while the rest are farmed for food. The pyrenoid, a dense structure inside or beside chloroplasts of certain algae, consists largely of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase, one of the enzymes necessary in photosynthesis for carbon fixation and thus sugar formation. In nature, they do not occur separate from lichens. Various polymers can be created from algae, which can be especially useful in the creation of bioplastics. Microfilaments are formed by the polymerization of proteins such as actin, which can contract and relax and therefore function as tiny muscles inside the cells. Algae are eukaryotic organisms and contain three types of double-membrane-bound organelles: the nucleus, the chloroplast, and the mitochondrion. Severe tasks, flagellations, and scanty Throughout the 20th century, most classifications treated the following groups as divisions or classes of algae: cyanophytes, rhodophytes, chrysophytes, xanthophytes, bacillariophytes, phaeophytes, pyrrhophytes (cryptophytes and dinophytes), euglenophytes, and chlorophytes. An invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory. "When he restored many of the Other Air Emissions. with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would judge might behave with violence and oppression. Correct answers will be given the brainliest. Large algae, or macroalgae, is usually split into three types: green, red and brown. , d with your issue. However, this DNA is not like nuclear DNA in that it is circular (or, more correctly, in endless loops) rather than linear and therefore resembles the DNA of prokaryotes. boundary: [noun] something that indicates or fixes a limit or extent. Algae is being considered a potential solution for world hunger problem.[106][107][108]. Vacuoles are membranous sacs that store many different substances, depending on the organism and its metabolic state. For a more complete discussion of photosynthesis, see the articles photosynthesis and plant. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, Read the passage below, written by Dr. James McCune Smith, an American the marsh king's daughter trailer. However, if they ask something of you that goes against your principles, disrespects your time, or forces you to sacrifice something important, it's okay to say no. The host organism derives some or all of its energy requirements from the algae. Green algae are examples of algae that have primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Does algae have defined boundaries? (2001), p. 6: "A species of lichen collected anywhere in its range has the same lichen-forming fungus and, generally, the same photobiont. The (taxonomically contentious) dinoflagellates are responsible for red tides, which not only release toxins into the water that may be lethal to aquatic life, but also wind-sprayed toxic cells that can cause health problems for air-breathing organisms. The third step is common for people with poor boundaries, codependency issues, or are people pleasers. The boundary delimiter line is then defined as a line consisting entirely of two hyphen characters ("-", decimal value 45) followed by the boundary parameter value from the Content-Type header field, optional linear whitespace, and a terminating CRLF. Algae like kelp does not have leaves, branches or vascular tissue that conducts fluids and nutrients like most land plants; an algae drawing helps to illustrate the general morphology, or structure, of plant-like algae. In this article. Were it joined For each boundary group in your hierarchy, you can assign: One or more boundaries. In eukaryotic algal cell there are membrane bound cell organelles like chloroplasts, mitochondriai, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and, in some cases, eye spot or stigma. [64] Algae spread mainly by the dispersal of spores analogously to the dispersal of Plantae by seeds and spores. ", Office of Scientific and Technical Information, "Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities", "Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Upgrading of Wastewater-Grown Microalgae: 2021 State of Technology", "Molecular and cellular mechanisms of neutral lipid accumulation in diatom following nitrogen deprivation", "On the Farming of South Wales: Prize Report", "Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot", "How marine algae could help feed the world", "One solution to global hunger could be at the bottom of the ocean", "Algae: Pond Scum or Food of the Future? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. D. Winning freedom for enslaved people will be simpler than The shape can vary; they may be of discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral, or ribbon shaped. Examples are: Lichens are defined by the International Association for Lichenology to be "an association of a fungus and a photosynthetic symbiont resulting in a stable vegetative body having a specific structure". east anglia deanery hospitals. Configuration Manager boundaries are locations on your network that contain devices that you want to manage. Natural boundaries such as, river, mountains, and deserts. Does algae have defined boundaries? In general, algae are photosynthetic organisms that live in aquatic environments. [42] The most complex forms are found among the charophyte algae (see Charales and Charophyta), in a lineage that eventually led to the higher land plants. Other notable producers include South Korea, North Korea, Japan, Malaysia, and Zanzibar (Tanzania). They may also form colonies. They do not have any specific boundary. Definition of algae and different types of algae. In prokaryotic algal cell (Cyanophycean members), the nucleus is not bounded by any membrane. [122], The natural pigments (carotenoids and chlorophylls) produced by algae can be used as alternatives to chemical dyes and coloring agents. Accordingly, the modern study of marine and freshwater algae is called either phycology or algology, depending on whether the Greek or Latin root is used. Chlorarachniophytes, which belong to the phylum Cercozoa, contain a small nucleomorph, which is a relict of the algae's nucleus. The lysosome is a specialized vacuole that contains digestive enzymes that break down old organelles, cells or cellular components during certain developmental stages, and particulate matter that is ingested in species that can engulf food. "Alga" redirects here. Boundaries keep people together in a healthy way! Boundaries can be flexible Don't draw your boundaries in. The endoplasmic reticulum is a complex membranous system that forms intracellular compartments, acts as a transport system within the cell, and serves as a site for synthesizing fats, oils, and proteins. Algae produce up to half of the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, and algae help keep carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere by storing it. does algae have a defined boundary. Algaculture is a form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae. [102] In addition, commercially cultivated microalgae, including both algae and cyanobacteria, are marketed as nutritional supplements, such as spirulina,[103] Chlorella and the vitamin-C supplement from Dunaliella, high in beta-carotene. For other uses, see, An informal term for a diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotes, Algal characteristics basic to primary classification. food were no longer to be endured. previously believed. They found that algae can readily be used to reduce the nutrient runoff from agricultural fields and increase the quality of water flowing into rivers, streams, and oceans. Among the common kinds are cyanobacteria, silica-encased diatoms . All aspects of basic and applied research on algae are included to provide a common medium for the ecologist, physiologist, cell biologist, molecular biologist, morphologist, oceanographer, taxonomist, geneticist, and biochemist. Lichen thus share some of the habitat and often similar appearance with specialized species of algae (aerophytes) growing on exposed surfaces such as tree trunks and rocks and sometimes discoloring them. While there are many different types of algae found floating in the ocean all around world, the Sargasso Sea is unique in . 2. Natural rights Because algae like kelp and seaweed are nonvascular, these plantlike organisms do not have true roots. In its simplest form, it consists of the management of naturally found batches. These probably had an isomorphic alternation of generations and were probably filamentous. be exposed to arbitrary control; for the judge would be then [100] Aquatic and microscopic species are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and are either harvested or used to treat effluents pumped through the ponds. Algae are a type of aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll and can carry out photosynthesis. B. In most algal cells there is only a single nucleus, although some cells are multinucleate. 1. Eukaryota, whose members are known as eukaryotes (/ j u k r i o t s,- t s /), is a diverse domain of organisms whose cells have a nucleus. When they occur out of their localities, hypothesizing a transport mechanism is usually possible, such as the hulls of ships. The Latinization, fcus, meant primarily the cosmetic rouge. answered 7th grade life science question asks: Does bacteria have defined boundaries? They live in moist environments, mostly aquatic, and contain chlorophyll. The largest and most complex marine algae are called seaweeds, while the most complex freshwater forms are the Charophyta, a division of green algae which includes, for example, Spirogyra and stoneworts. Some parasitic algae (e.g., the green algae Prototheca and Helicosporidium, parasites of metazoans, or Cephaleuros, parasites of plants) were originally classified as fungi, sporozoans, or protistans of incertae sedis,[34] while others (e.g., the green algae Phyllosiphon and Rhodochytrium, parasites of plants, or the red algae Pterocladiophila and Gelidiocolax mammillatus, parasites of other red algae, or the dinoflagellates Oodinium, parasites of fish) had their relationship with algae conjectured early. For a discussion of the related protists, see the articles protozoan and protist. : Evidence supporting the reclassification of Helicosporidia as green algae (Chlorophyta)", "When the lights go out: the evolutionary fate of freeliving colorless green algae", "The controversial 'Cambrian' fossils of the Vindhyan are real but more than a billion years older", "Algal Phylogeny and the Origin of Land Plants", "Evaluating Support for the Current Classification of Eukaryotic Diversity", "Phylogenomics Reshuffles the Eukaryotic Supergroups", "Phylogenetic relationships of the 'golden algae' (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids", Algarum unicellularium genera nova et minus cognita, praemissis observationibus de algis unicellularibus in genere (New and less known genera of unicellular algae, preceded by observations respecting unicellular algae in general), Ueber einzellige Pflanzen und Thiere (On unicellular plants and animals), "Cryptic organelles in parasitic protists and fungi", "Phosphatized multicellular algae in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, China, and the early evolution of florideophyte red algae", "Introduction to the Phaeophyta: Kelps and brown "Algae", "Introduction to the Rhodophyta, the red 'algae', "What are algal turfs? The top seven most cultivated seaweed taxa are Eucheuma spp., Kappaphycus alvarezii, Gracilaria spp., Saccharina japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Pyropia spp., and Sargassum fusiforme. [13], The singular alga is the Latin word for 'seaweed' and retains that meaning in English. Their lineage relationships are shown in the figure in the upper right. In some regions, the descriptions approached heights which might be described as canopies (20 to 30cm). Linnaeus, in Species Plantarum (1753),[25] the starting point for modern botanical nomenclature, recognized 14 genera of algae, of which only four are currently considered among algae. A boundary is an invisible line you draw around yourself to identify what is acceptable behavior, and what is unacceptable behavior. The word algae represents a large group of different organisms from different phylogenetic groups, representing many taxonomic divisions. Green algae are examples of algae that have primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Algae have many types of life cycles, and they range in size from microscopic Micromonas species to giant kelps that reach 60 metres (200 feet) in length. For example, according to one standard textbook,[57] in the British Isles the UK Biodiversity Steering Group Report estimated there to be 20,000 algal species in the UK. 4) Spiritual or Religious Boundaries. [35] Some filamentous bacteria (e.g., Beggiatoa) were originally seen as algae. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; Department of Botany. What is the structure of algae? In general, algae are photosynthetic organisms that live in aquatic environments. [94][95], To be competitive and independent from fluctuating support from (local) policy on the long run, biofuels should equal or beat the cost level of fossil fuels. Do not make me report you Pennstate College of Earth and Mineral Sciences - What are Algae? Alginic acid, or alginate, is extracted from brown algae. The mitochondria are the sites where food molecules are broken down and carbon dioxide, water, and chemical bond energy are released, a process called cellular respiration (see below Cellular respiration). Carrageenan, from the red alga Chondrus crispus, is used as a stabilizer in milk products. , esent? Because algae are aquatic, meaning algae live in water, they doesn't need vascular tissue in the stipe to move water through the thallus. In addition to their ecological roles as oxygen producers and as the food base for almost all aquatic life, algae are economically important as a source of crude oil and as sources of food and a number of pharmaceutical and industrial products for humans. does algae have a defined boundary. Regarding the difference of about 15,000 species, the text concludes: "It will require many detailed field surveys before it is possible to provide a reliable estimate of the total number of species". The term "algae" actually encompasses an incredibly large and genetically diverse group of organisms. Some retain plastids, but not chloroplasts, while others have lost plastids entirely. Later, many new groups were discovered (e.g., Bolidophyceae), and others were splintered from older groups: charophytes and glaucophytes (from chlorophytes), many heterokontophytes (e.g., synurophytes from chrysophytes, or eustigmatophytes from xanthophytes), haptophytes (from chrysophytes), and chlorarachniophytes (from xanthophytes). Which ideals Does algae have a cell wall? Instead, a holdfast anchors an alga (singular form of algae) plant to the bottom of the water where it is growing. [30][31], At this time, microscopic algae were discovered and reported by a different group of workers (e.g., O. F. Mller and Ehrenberg) studying the Infusoria (microscopic organisms). does algae have a defined boundary prince william county public works A property line delineates the boundary between your property and that of your neighbor. Some of them are unicellular whereas others are multicellular. The similarity of chloroplastic and mitochondrial DNA to prokaryotic DNA has led many scientists to accept the hypothesis of endosymbiosis, which states that these organelles developed as a result of a long and successful symbiotic association of prokaryote cells inside eukaryote host cells. Spiritual boundaries protect your right to believe in what you want, worship as you wish, and practice your spiritual or religious beliefs. Courtesy of Adam Heathcote. You can create different types of boundaries, for example, an Active Directory site or network IP address. There are many different types of flagella, which vary in size, shape and arrangement. C. Popular sovereignty In most algae, the molecules of DNA exist as linear strands that are condensed into obvious chromosomes only at the time of nuclear division (mitosis). Algal turfs are thick, carpet-like beds of seaweed that retain sediment and compete with foundation species like corals and kelps, and they are usually less than 15cm tall. Solve any question of Biological Classification with:- Patterns of problems > Was this answer helpful? The Journal also welcomes research that emphasizes algal interactions with other . 2.1 Legal boundary. The algae are not closely related in an evolutionary sense, and the phylogeny of the group remains to be delineated. Definition: photosynthetic organisms that lack true roots, stems, and leaves. Many more than three groups of pigments are recognized, and each class of algae shares a common set of pigment types distinct from those of all other groups. The nucleus contains most of the genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), of the cell. does algae have a defined boundaryhow did george winston lose his ear does algae have a defined boundary. The endosymbiotic green algae may have been acquired through myzocytosis rather than phagocytosis. [23][24], The typical dinoflagellate chloroplast has three membranes, but considerable diversity exists in chloroplasts within the group, and a number of endosymbiotic events apparently occurred. Make sure they are questions that can be answered through research. industrious laborers, by the simple expedient of paying The algae contain chloroplasts that are similar in structure to cyanobacteria. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [3] Likewise, the colorless Prototheca under Chlorophyta are all devoid of any chlorophyll. In 1768, Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (17441774) published the Historia Fucorum, the first work dedicated to marine algae and the first book on marine biology to use the then new binomial nomenclature of Linnaeus. Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, the complex set of biochemical reactions that use the energy of light to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars. It is made up of chitin. Algae have photosynthetic machinery ultimately derived from cyanobacteria that produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, unlike other photosynthetic bacteria such as purple and green sulfur bacteria. In interpersonal relationships, a boundary is what divides one person from another, so that each can have separate identities, responsibilities, and privileges. The nonmembrane-bound organelles of algae include the ribosomes, pyrenoids, microtubules, and microfilaments. It does so by changing its shape to form a channel through the boundary of the eyespot. d. the border of a lake or stream. [38] Conceptacles are another polyphyletic trait; they appear in the coralline algae and the Hildenbrandiales, as well as the browns. When too much water enters the cells, contractile vacuoles serve to eject it. Macroalgae, commonly known as seaweed, also have many commercial and industrial uses, but due to their size and the specific requirements of the environment in which they need to grow, they do not lend themselves as readily to cultivation (this may change, however, with the advent of newer seaweed cultivators, which are basically algae scrubbers using upflowing air bubbles in small containers). Several classes of algae in the division Chromophyta have mucous organelles that secrete slime. [118] Algae scrubbers, using bubbling upflow or vertical waterfall versions, are now also being used to filter aquaria and ponds. . how do plants, algae, and bacteria use nitrogen? Furthermore, groups like the apicomplexans are also parasites derived from ancestors that possessed plastids, but are not included in any group traditionally seen as algae. Gonyostomum semen, a freshwater member of the class Raphidophyceae, has numerous mucocysts, which, when such cells are collected in a plankton net, discharge and render the net and its contents somewhat gummy. this army was converted by the commander-in-chief into peptidoglycan Fungi have a cell wall. seaweed image by Kevin McGrath from Fotolia.com. [21], These groups have chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and c, and phycobilins. Algae oil is a plant-based source of EPA and DHA, two omega-3 fats that are essential for your health. The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their specialised multicellular reproductive systems. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Many algae, particularly members of the Characeae species,[44] have served as model experimental organisms to understand the mechanisms of the water permeability of membranes, osmoregulation, turgor regulation,[clarification needed] salt tolerance, cytoplasmic streaming, and the generation of action potentials. Although used as a taxonomic category in some pre-Darwinian classifications, e.g., Linnaeus (1753), de Jussieu (1789), Horaninow (1843), Agassiz (1859), Wilson & Cassin (1864), in further classifications, the "algae" are seen as an artificial, polyphyletic group.

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